Self-administered Gerocognitive Examination (SAGE)

Scharre, Douglas W.; Chang, Shu-Ing; Murden, Robert A.; Lamb, James; Beversdorf, David Q.; Kataki, Maria; Nagaraja, Haikady N.; Bornstein, Robert A.

doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e3181b03277

Cited by 110 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…We developed the Self-Administered Gerocognitive Examination (SAGE), a valid and reliable, 22-point traditional pen and paper multidomain cognitive assessment tool to reduce the typical delay in identifying individuals with MCI or dementia (available for download at sagetest.osu.edu) [48]. Our 2010 paper [48] describes in detail the reliability and validity study of the SAGE test.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our 2010 paper [48] describes in detail the reliability and validity study of the SAGE test. It establishes inter-rater and test-retest reliability, and equivalence of the four different versions of the test.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It takes on the average 13 min to complete and 30–60 s for it to be scored. It is sensitive enough to distinguish between MCI and dementia conditions and has been compared with other commonly used office-based multidomain brief cognitive tests [48, 50]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Digitally translated Self-Administered Gerocognitive Examination (eSAGE): relationship with its validated paper version, neuropsychological evaluations, and clinical assessments

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe original paper Self-Administered Gerocognitive Examination (SAGE) is a valid and reliable cognitive assessment tool used to identify individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or early dementia. We evaluated identical test questions in a digital format (eSAGE) made for tablet use with the goals of calibrating it against SAGE and establishing its association with other neuropsychological tests and clinical assessments of cognitive impairment.MethodsSubjects aged 50 and over who had taken SAGE were recruited from community and clinic settings. Subjects were randomly selected to participate in a clinical evaluation including neuropsychological evaluations. SAGE and eSAGE were administered using a crossover design. Subjects were identified as dementia, MCI, or normal based on standard clinical criteria. Associations were investigated using Spearman correlations, linear regression, and sensitivity and specificity measures.ResultsOf the 426 subjects screened, 66 completed the evaluation. eSAGE score correlation to a battery of neuropsychological tests was 0.73 (p < 0.0001) with no significant difference between the paper and digital format. Spearman correlation of SAGE versus eSAGE was 0.88 (p < 0.0001), and they are related by the formula: eSAGE score = –1.05 + 0.99 × SAGE score. Since the slope is very close to 1 (p = 0.86) there is strong evidence that the scaling is identical between eSAGE and SAGE, with no scale bias. Overall, eSAGE scores are lower by an average of 1.21 and the decrease is statistically significant (p < 0.0001). For those subjects familiar with smartphones or tablets (one measure of digital proficiency), eSAGE scores are lower by an average of 0.83 points (p = 0.029). With a score 16 and higher being classified as normal, eSAGE had 90% specificity and 71% sensitivity in detecting those with cognitive impairment from normal subjects.ConclusionsTablet-based eSAGE shows a strong association with the validated paper SAGE and a neuropsychological battery. It shows no scale bias compared to SAGE. Both have the advantage of self-administration, brevity, four interchangeable forms, and high sensitivity and specificity in detecting cognitive impairment from normal subjects. Their potential widespread availability will be a major factor in overcoming the many obstacles in identifying early cognitive changes.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02544074. Registered on 18 March 2015.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Digitally translated Self-Administered Gerocognitive Examination (eSAGE): relationship with its validated paper version, neuropsychological evaluations, and clinical assessments

et al. 2017

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“…Community-based assessments conducted in community centers or even undertaken at home using material mailed out for completion, could include simple 'scratch and sniff' tests of olfaction, questionnaires for participants and their informants (including measures of functioning, cognition, psychological symptoms, olfaction, online if possible), salivary swabs for genetic testing, and cognitive testing: online or one of several validated paper-based selfadministered tests [22,23]. We have successfully collected such information remotely [24,25], while others are exploring similar approaches in the detection of individuals at high risk of PD [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Olfactory Challenge Tests in Incipient Dementia and Clinical Trial Design

Schofield

Finnie

Yong

2014

Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep

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The brain changes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) develop slowly over many years before the onset of dementia. Biomarkers for AD that allow its detection during this clinically silent phase will be hugely important when disease-modifying treatments that halt or slow its progression become available. Early detection, leading to early treatment, may in some cases avert dementia. Biomarkers aid our understanding of the presymptomatic stages of the disease and enable the identification of individuals with early disease who, by participating in clinical trials of investigational treatments with disease-modifying potential, contribute unique and vital information necessary to evaluate novel therapies. Most currently available AD biomarkers are expensive and not widely available and there are major efforts underway to find cheaper, simpler options. The olfactory system is affected by AD and the results from simple and inexpensive tests of the sense of smell, especially when paired with other information, can help identify individuals early in the disease. We review recent literature relevant to the use of simple olfactory tests, including some novel approaches, as aids to the early detection of AD. We consider their possible role in the design and conduct of clinical trials and suggest how in the future, when more effective treatments become available, they might be integrated into screening programs for early AD detection.

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“…To overcome the concern, we have tested the idea of doctor-participated biomarker selection to reduce the numbers based on cognitive assessments and medical history of individual patients. It was shown that SAGE is an improved cognitive assessment for screening individuals with mild cognitive impairments, subjective memory complaints, or other early dementia [36]. We recruited patients using their SAGE scores to classify them into different AD stages.…”

Section: Computer-aided Selection Of Biomarkers For Personalized Ad Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive nanomanufacturing of lab-on-a-chip fluorescent peptide nanoparticle arrays for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis

et al. 2018

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This paper proposes an additive nanomanufacturing approach to fabricate a personalized lab-on-a-chip fluorescent peptide nanoparticles (f-PNPs) array for simultaneous multi-biomarker detection that can be used in Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis. We will discuss optimization techniques for the additive nanomanufacturing process in terms of reliability, yield and manufacturing efficiency. One contribution of this paper lies in utilization of additive nanomanufacturing techniques to fabricate a patient-specific customize-designed lab-on-a-chip device for personalized AD diagnosis, which remains a major challenge for biomedical engineering. Through the integrated bio-design and bio-manufacturing process, doctor's checkup and computer-aided customized design are integrated into the lab-on-a-chip array for patient-specific AD diagnosis. In addition, f-PNPs with targeting moieties for personalized AD biomarkers will be self-assembled onto the customized lab-on-achip through the additive nanomanufacturing process, which has not been done before. Another contribution of this research is the personalized lab-on-a-chip f-PNPs array for AD diagnosis utilizing limited human blood. Blood-based AD assessment has been described as "the holy grail" of early AD detection. This research created the computer-aided design, fabrication through additive nanomanufacturing, and validation of the f-PNPs array for AD diagnosis. This is a highly interdisciplinary research contributing to nanotechnology, biomaterials, and biomedical engineering for neurodegenerative disease. The conceptual work is preliminary with intent to introduce novel techniques to the application. Large-scale manufacturing based on the proposed framework requires extensive validation and optimization.

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Self-administered Gerocognitive Examination (SAGE)

Abstract: This study suggests that SAGE is a reliable instrument for detecting cognitive impairment and compares favorably with the MMSE. The self-administered feature may promote cognitive testing by busy clinicians prompting earlier diagnosis and treatment.

Cited by 110 publications

References 41 publications

Digitally translated Self-Administered Gerocognitive Examination (eSAGE): relationship with its validated paper version, neuropsychological evaluations, and clinical assessments

Digitally translated Self-Administered Gerocognitive Examination (eSAGE): relationship with its validated paper version, neuropsychological evaluations, and clinical assessments

The Role of Olfactory Challenge Tests in Incipient Dementia and Clinical Trial Design

Additive nanomanufacturing of lab-on-a-chip fluorescent peptide nanoparticle arrays for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis

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