Self‐Amplification Immunomodulatory Strategy for Tissue Regeneration in Diabetes Based on Cytokine‐ZIFs System

Abstract

Dysfunctional macrophages and excessive inflammatory responses lead to severe tissue regeneration disorders in diabetes. Herein, a function‐oriented self‐amplification immunomodulatory (SAI) strategy based on an interleukin‐33 (IL‐33) loaded zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (IL@ZIF) nano‐platform is proposed to treat tissue regeneration disorders by restoring macrophage function and reconstructing immune microenvironment in diabetes. It is found that ZIFs effectively protect IL‐33 from premature degradation. In the wound area, the released Zn2+ not only improves the antioxidant capacity of macrophages to avoid reactive oxygen species‐induced dysfunction, but also upregulates IL‐33 receptor (ST2L) expression and triggers M2 macrophages polarization. Subsequently, the released IL‐33 significantly amplifies M2 macrophage polarization through IL‐33/ST2L signaling, resulting in a reversal of the pro‐inflammatory microenvironment of diabetic wounds. This synergistic effect endows the nano‐platform with an excellent ability to accelerate tissue regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Overall, this IL@ZIF mediated function‐oriented SAI strategy provides new alternatives for the treatment of tissue regeneration disorders in diabetes.

Polysaccharide from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz binding with zinc oxide nanoparticles: Characterization, immunological effect and mechanism

“…NO is an important active substance associated with the immunomodulatory effect ( 48 ), which participates in apoptosis regulation and host defense function ( 49 ). The NO production was calculated from the standard curve formula.…”

Reactive metal boride nanoparticles trap lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan for bacteria-infected wound healing

“…Mouse skins were shaved as mentioned above. Excisional dorsal skin wounds were made with an 8 mm sterile biopsy punch as previous report and then infected with 10 6 S. aureus or 10 7 P. aeruginosa in the presence or absence of Nano-MgB 2 55 . The wounds were finally covered with a special kind of plastic sticker (Tegaderm Film, 3M, XH003801525), the wound areas were photographed at the indicated times and calculated by Image J.…”

Microenvironment‐Based Diabetic Foot Ulcer Nanomedicine

“…Delivering cytokines IL@ZIF nanoplatform [84] IL-33 upregulates the level of its receptor ST2L, and then, utilizing the IL-33/ST2L signal stimulates the polarization of macrophages Delivering stem cells Biomaterials containing adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) [ 16b] ADSCs can: secrete various chemical signals (such as growth factors and chemokines) to reverse the wound pathological microenvironment; differentiate into cells with repair capability; and contribute to the overall process of wound healing [85] Utilizing exosomes HA@MnO 2 /FGF-2/Exos [63] Exosome-carried "cargo" (miRNA-233) induces phenotypic transformation of macrophages Delivering ATP ATP-vesicles, [86] nanoliposomeencapsulated Mg-ATP [87] ATP promotes cell recruitment, adenosine mediates macrophage phenotypic transformation, and so on [10] Utilizing high-molecularweight hyaluronic acid M2 macrophage-polarized anti-inflammatory hydrogel [88] HA stimulates M2 phenotype-specific gene expression…”