Self‐assembly of compounds based on a glycerin skeleton as a C‐3 building block. Part I

Urata, Kouichi; Takaishi, Naotake

doi:10.1007/s11743-002-0229-6

Cited by 4 publications

References 29 publications

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Catalytic Transformation of Glycerol

Sels

Dhondt

Jacobs

2007

Catalysis for Renewables

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The decreasing reserves of fossil carbon and environmental problems related to their use have led to a continuously growing interest in the use of renewable feedstocks from easily grown crops such as soy bean, rape seed, and sunflower. Glycerine, also denoted as glycerol, is a co-product of primary products such as fatty acids, fatty alcohols, soap and biodiesel, all using fats and oils as feedstock. Although its production amounts to only about 10% of these primary products, glycerine is often the focus of more attention than its stoichiometry would suggest because of the price volatility of this commodity [1].Nowadays, glycerine receives particular attention as by-product from biodiesel production [2]. Extracted triglycerides can undergo transesterification with methanol (methanolysis) or (bio)ethanol (ethanolysis), yielding the corresponding methyl or ethyl esters (biodiesel) and 14% glycerol as by-product on a stoichiometric basis. With current technology 1 kg of crude glycerol by-product is obtained for every 9 kg of biodiesel produced [3]. A recent process model for continuous production of biodiesel from soybean oil containing 96% triglycerides at a rate of 100 kg h À1 , yields 10.3 kg h À1 of 80% aqueous glycerol. After the methanol recovery train, a glycerol refining section consists of an acidulation reactor to neutralize with mineral acid the base catalyst and to remove the soaps formed as well, resulting in less than 1% of free fatty acids [4]. With an estimated production capacity of biodiesel of 12 million metric tons per year in 2010, glycerol is becoming a bulk renewable feedstock [5]. Independent forecasts of global glycerol production by 2010 amount to significantly lower quantities [6]. Costs of raw glycerol of around 15 dollar cent per pound (A 26 eurocent per kg) are figures currently handled in economic models [7].Glycerol is a colorless, odorless, viscous (syrupy), nontoxic and hygroscopic liquid with a very sweet taste; its etymologic roots stem from the Greek glykys, sweet. Pure glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol) is a trihydric alcohol with a specific gravity of 265 at 15 C. Below 0 C it solidifies to a white crystalline mass, which melts at

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Catalytic Transformation of Glycerol

Sels

Dhondt

Jacobs

2007

Catalysis for Renewables

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Unique block molecules based on glycerol skeleton as C‐3 building blocks for liquid crystals formation by self‐assembly and their future potential for the “nano‐chemistry”

Urata

2003

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Studies on design of liquid crystalline block molecules with non-conventional mesophase morphoplogies have been proposed by Tschierske and co-workers. These block molecules have a rigid core, a lateral substituent, and an alkyl chain segmenting blocks from each other. Related to this, diglyceryl alkyl ethers found by us have glycerol as a rigid core, a lateral substituent, and an alkyl chain similar to the Tschierske design. These two cases are compared with each other with regard to the relationship between the molecular structure and the liquid crystalline morphologies and other properties. Recently, new soft materials suitable for liquid crystals exhibiting self-assembly of phase-segregated structures have been designed. Typical examples of such "block" molecules containing glycerol having a C-3 building block include: (i) undecyl-glycerylether-modified siloxane derivatives with a siloxane segment as the rigid core and alkyl chains with 2,3-dihydroxypropoxy group as a hydrophilic group at a lateral or terminal position of the siloxane segment; (ii) novel hyper branched dendrimers forming the basis of polyglycerol nanocapsules with a core-shell molecular architecture; (iii) carbon nanotubes based on cyclodextrins (CDs); (iv) polymerizable amphiphilic diacetylene-containing phospholipids suitable for construction of functional nanocomposites. This is done by self-assembly and polymerization of diacetylene creating a "block molecular structure" with a polyacetylene chain as a rigid core segment, the lipid headgroups as the hydrophilic segment, and terminal flexible alkyl chains. On the basis of these results, future potential of block molecules as a soft building material for liquid crystalline structures was discussed.

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Quality of Rapeseed Bio-Fuel Waste: Optical Properties

Sujak

Muszyński

Kachel‐Jakubowska

2014

International Agrophysics

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A b s t r a c t. The objective of the presented work was to examine the optical properties of selected bio-fuel waste. Three independent optical methods: UV-Vis spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and chromametric measurements were applied to establish the possible quality control test for the obtained substances. The following by-products were tested: distilled glycerine, technical glycerine and matter organic non glycerine fraction from rapeseed oil bio-fuel production. The results show that analysis of UV-Vis spectra can give rapid information about the purity of distilled glycerine, while no direct information can be obtained concerning the concentration and kind of impurities. Transmission mode is more useful as compared to absorption, concerning the detection abilities of average UV-Vis spectrometers. Infrared spectroscopy can be used as a complementary method for determining impurities/admixtures in samples. Measurements of chroma give the quickest data to compare the colour of biofuel by-products obtained by different producers. The condition is, however, that the products are received through the same or similar chemical processes. The other important factor is application of well defined measuring background. All the discussed analyses are quick, cheap and non-destructive, and can help to compare the quality of products.K e y w o r d s: rapeseed bio-fuel, waste, optical spectroscopy, infrared absorption, colour

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Self‐assembly of compounds based on a glycerin skeleton as a C‐3 building block. Part I

Cited by 4 publications

References 29 publications

Catalytic Transformation of Glycerol

Catalytic Transformation of Glycerol

Unique block molecules based on glycerol skeleton as C‐3 building blocks for liquid crystals formation by self‐assembly and their future potential for the “nano‐chemistry”

Quality of Rapeseed Bio-Fuel Waste: Optical Properties

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