Self-assembly of three-dimensional liver organoids: virtual reconstruction via endocytosed polymer dots for refactoring the fine structure

Abstract

In vitro culture of organoid is promising to treat diseases or provide artificial organs. Traditional 2D differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is challenging to reproduce the development of embryonic...

Semiconducting polymer dots for multifunctional integrated nanomedicine carriers

“…For larger nanoparticles, a common mechanism involves isolating these substances from the cytosol, encapsulating them with a membrane coating, and expelling them via exocytosis. Lysosomes are pivotal for smaller nanoparticles, particularly those with biological coatings, where the process of autophagy degrades and removes excess or deposited NPs [ 227 ]. However, excessive NP accumulation can lead to necrosis and other forms of non-programmed cell death.…”

“…Our research group has made preliminary efforts in this imaging mode ( Fig. 9 E) [ 227 ], demonstrating that algorithmic support can enhance super-resolution imaging details by 2–3 times and facilitate 3D imaging of disordered cell clusters, such as organoids.…”

“…These findings suggest that Pdots promote SGC-7901 and GES-1 cell growth by modulating Akt, p -Erk, and p -JNK protein expression. However, recent studies in our group reveal that PFBT Pdots and PFDTBT Pdots may induce nonspecific detachment in primary endothelial cells, particularly in those with low adhesion properties [ 227 ]. Prolonged high-dose exposure to Pdots can initiate autophagy, evidenced by increased autophagosome formation.…”

“…The emergence of novel technologies, the progression of computer technology, and the cross-disciplinary integration have injected vitality into the field of Pdots research. In this review, we also propose some insights [ 227 , 114 , 511 ]. For instance, can we construct a genuinely “enzyme active center” nano-enzyme based on Pdots' surface chemical properties, simulate the structure and function of natural enzymes through “molecular docking” with substrates, and utilize materials at the nanoscale for molecular-level interactions with the assistance of cryo-electron microscopy technology and biomacromolecules' spatial conformation simulation [ [512] , [513] , [514] ].…”