Self‐Care for Common Colds: The Pivotal Role of Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Zinc, and <i>Echinacea</i> in Three Main Immune Interactive Clusters (Physical Barriers, Innate and Adaptive Immunity) Involved during an Episode of Common Colds—Practical Advice on Dosages and on the Time to Take These Nutrients/Botanicals in order to Prevent or Treat Common Colds

Rondanelli, Mariangela; Miccono, Alessandra; Lamburghini, Silvia; Avanzato, I.; Riva, Antonella; Allegrini, Pietro; Faliva, Milena Anna; Peroni, Gabriella; Nichetti, Mara; Perna, Simone

doi:10.1155/2018/5813095

Cited by 187 publications

(191 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…Several reviews consider the ways in which vitamin D reduces the risk of viral infections [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Vitamin D has many mechanisms by which it reduces the risk of microbial infection and death.…”

Section: Vitamin D and Mechanisms To Reduce Microbial Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vitamin D has many mechanisms by which it reduces the risk of microbial infection and death. A recent review regarding the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of the common cold grouped those mechanisms into three categories: physical barrier, cellular natural immunity, and adaptive immunity [16]. Vitamin D helps maintain tight junctions, gap junctions, and adherens junctions (e.g., by E-cadherin) [18].…”

Section: Vitamin D and Mechanisms To Reduce Microbial Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vitamin D is a modulator of adaptive immunity [16,32]; 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 suppresses responses mediated by the T helper cell type 1 (Th1), by primarily repressing production of inflammatory cytokines IL-2 and interferon gamma (INFγ) [33]. Additionally, 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 promotes cytokine production by the T helper type 2 (Th2) cells, which helps enhance the indirect suppression of Th1 cells by complementing this with actions mediated by a multitude of cell types [34].…”

Section: Vitamin D and Mechanisms To Reduce Microbial Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

et al. 2020

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The world is in the grip of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID-19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increasing concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce the risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40-60 ng/mL (100-150 nmol/L). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D 3 doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations.

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Section: Vitamin D and Mechanisms To Reduce Microbial Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vitamin D and Mechanisms To Reduce Microbial Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vitamin D and Mechanisms To Reduce Microbial Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

et al. 2020

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“…In addition to vaccines and antiviral drugs, nonpharmaceutical interventions to prevent respiratory infections are gaining attention. Lifestyle (eating healthy, sleeping more than 7 h/day) and hygiene practices (washing hands, wearing facemasks) are known to increase antimicrobial resistance and prevent transmission, respectively (118)(119)(120)(121). In addition to these measures, we might consider controlling the indoor environment to combat respiratory infections.…”

Section: Concluding Remarks and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections

2020

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The seasonal cycle of respiratory viral diseases has been widely recognized for thousands of years, as annual epidemics of the common cold and influenza disease hit the human population like clockwork in the winter season in temperate regions. Moreover, epidemics caused by viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 occur during the winter months. The mechanisms underlying the seasonal nature of respiratory viral infections have been examined and debated for many years. The two major contributing factors are the changes in environmental parameters and human behavior. Studies have revealed the effect of temperature and humidity on respiratory virus stability and transmission rates. More recent research highlights the importance of the environmental factors, especially temperature and humidity, in modulating host intrinsic, innate, and adaptive immune responses to viral infections in the respiratory tract. Here we review evidence of how outdoor and indoor climates are linked to the seasonality of viral respiratory infections. We further discuss determinants of host response in the seasonality of respiratory viruses by highlighting recent studies in the field. 2.1

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“…Several reviews consider the ways in which vitamin D reduces risk of viral infections [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17].…”

Section: Vitamin D and Mechanisms To Reduce Microbial Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence That Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

Grant

Lahore

McDonnell

et al. 2020

Preprint

581

595

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The world is in the grips of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID-19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increase concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome, and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40–60 ng/ml (100–150 nmol/l). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D3 doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations.

show abstract

Cited by 187 publications

References 99 publications

Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections

Evidence That Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

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