“…In recent years, the application of laser self-mixing interferometry in micro-displacement measurement has gained significant attention [1][2][3][4][5]. Laser self-mixing interferometry offers several advantages over traditional micro-displacement measurement techniques, including no optical interferometer external to the source, no external photodetector, noncontact operation, high sensitivity, high precision, environmental insensitivity, and high resolution [6][7][8][9][10][11]. As a result, laser self-mixing interferometry has emerged as a prominent research area in micro-displacement measurement [8][9][10].…”