SEM and ESEM techniques used for analysis of asphalt binder and mixture: A state of the art review

Mazumder, Mithil; Ahmed, Raju; Ali, Ahmed Wajahat; Lee, Soon‐Jae

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.126

Cited by 163 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Figure 2c,d demonstrate that upon [Emim][TFSI] incorporation into the PLLA matrix, and independently of the drying temperature, the IL induced the occurrence of a significant roughness and porosity. This effect was reported previously for other polymeric matrices (e.g., poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) [27]), and was attributed to the strong [Emim][TFSI]-DCM interaction, phase separation within the polymer solutions and [Emim][TFSI] trapping within the pores, once the solvent is evaporated from the solvent+IL rich regions [28].…”

Section: Morphologysupporting

confidence: 72%

Development of Poly(l-Lactic Acid)-Based Bending Actuators

et al. 2020

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This work reports on the development of bending actuators based on poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA)/ionic liquid (IL) blends, through the incorporation of 40% wt. of the 1-ethyl-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Emim][TFSI]) IL. The films, obtained by solvent casting at room temperature and 50 °C, were subjected to several post-thermal treatments at 70, 90, 120 and 140 °C, in order to modify the crystallinity of the films. The influence of the drying temperature and of [Emim][TFSI] blending on the morphological, structural, mechanical and electrical properties of the composite materials were studied. The IL induced the formation of a porous surface independently of the processing conditions. Moreover, the [Emim][TFSI] dopant and the post-thermal treatments at 70 °C promoted an increase of the degree of crystallinity of the samples. No significant changes were observed in the degree of crystallinity and Young Modulus for samples with thermal treatment between 70 and 140 °C. The viability of the developed high ionic conductive blends for applications as soft actuators was evaluated. A maximum displacement of 1.7 mm was achieved with the PLLA/[Emim][TFSI] composite prepared at 50 °C and thermally treated at 140 °C, for an applied voltage of 10 Vpp, at a frequency of 100 mHz. This work highlights interesting avenues for the use of PLLA in the field of actuators.

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Section: Morphologysupporting

confidence: 72%

Development of Poly(l-Lactic Acid)-Based Bending Actuators

et al. 2020

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“…SEM images can be used to provide information on the dispersion of the polymer-rich phase in the modified binder, to provide an understanding of the bitumen-polymer compatibility, to find the optimum polymer content, and to reveal the damage resulting from the aging process. In SEM images, the bitumen-rich phase appears dark or black, and the polymer-rich phase appears light [41].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical, Chemical, Microstructural and Rheological Properties of Reactive Terpolymer-Modified Bitumen

Geçkil

2019

Materials

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In this study, the change in the physical, chemical, microstructural, and rheological properties of a road bitumen modified with reactive terpolymer (Elvaloy®RET) was investigated. For this purpose, four different Elvaloy®RET percentages (0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% by wt.) were mixed with B 160/220 bitumen. Firstly, the obtained samples were subjected to a short and long-term aging process using a rotating thin-film oven test and pressurized aging vessel, respectively. Then, the engineering characteristics of the samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and conventional and Superpave bitumen tests. The results showed that Elvaloy®RET reacted with the main macromolecular groups in the bitumen, and that the modified bitumens behaved as a homogenous single phase structure as a result of this reaction. Conventional tests showed that Elvaloy®RET-modified bitumens were much harder than pure bitumen and had better aging resistance. Furthermore, the penetration classes of these bitumens changed and their temperature sensitivities decreased significantly. Rheological tests showed that the Elvaloy®RET additive increased the resistance of the bitumen against fatigue cracking and particularly permanent deformation. Moreover, the high temperature performance class of the bitumen also increased. However, parallel to the hardening of the bitumen, a reduction in its resistance to cracking at low temperature was observed.

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“…No significant increase in the surface oxygen content was detected after ozone treatment (0.7 at.%). The penetration depth of an EDX electron beam is 1–20 µm (Mazumder et al., 2018) compared with 1–10 nm for XPS; thus, XPS provides more information closer to the surface (Bandosz and Ania, 2006; Haasch, 2014). XPS measurements showed that pristine graphite contained 4.1 ± 0.12 at% of surface-oxygen and that ozonation further increased this content to 5.9 ± 0.18 at%.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption of organic pollutants from the aqueous phase using graphite as a model adsorbent

Ivančev-Tumbas

Landwehrkamp

Hobby

et al. 2020

Adsorption Science & Technology

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Although graphite is not effective as an adsorbent in water treatment, it provides a homogenous, non-porous, carbonaceous structure that is ideal for studying fundamental adsorption mechanisms. High-purity graphite powder (C content 99.5%) was oxidized in an ozone stream, producing a near-surface oxygen content of 5.9 at.%, and was used together with the virgin material to establish adsorption isotherms for organic compounds in aqueous solutions. We examined how the aromaticity and substituents of the adsorptives affect adsorption on the model-activated carbon surface. For both virgin and oxidized graphite, the adsorption capacity for the aromatic compounds decreased in the order 1-naphthol > 2-methoxynaphthalene > naphthalene > anisole > phenol, with significant differences in the adsorption capacities of the two graphite species observed only for anisole, naphthalene, and 1-naphthol. The Freundlich constants (KF) for the five compounds on virgin graphite were 23.9, 10.3, 5.5, 1.4, and 0.8 (nmol mg−1 )/(µmol L−1) n, respectively. Naphthalene and 1-naphthol were slightly more adsorbed on the virgin material, whereas oxidized graphite had marginally better adsorption properties for anisole. The results underline the importance of dispersive and π– π interactions in the adsorption of organic compounds on carbonaceous adsorbents; a second aromatic ring in 1-naphthol and 2-methoxynaphthalene greatly increased the adsorption capacity for these compounds compared with their one-ring counterparts phenol and anisole. Differences were also observed in the adsorption of compounds containing hydroxyl or methoxy substituents, which have electron-donating properties (a resonance effect) but different electron-withdrawal characteristics (caused by induction). Two amino acids occurring as zwitterions, l-tryptophan and l-tyrosine, were also tested as adsorptives. l-Tryptophan, which has a larger aromatic system, achieved higher loading on graphite, suggesting an adsorption mechanism primarily governed by dispersive and π– π interactions for these two ionic compounds as well.

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SEM and ESEM techniques used for analysis of asphalt binder and mixture: A state of the art review

Cited by 163 publications

References 85 publications

Development of Poly(l-Lactic Acid)-Based Bending Actuators

Development of Poly(l-Lactic Acid)-Based Bending Actuators

Physical, Chemical, Microstructural and Rheological Properties of Reactive Terpolymer-Modified Bitumen

Adsorption of organic pollutants from the aqueous phase using graphite as a model adsorbent

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