“…In contrast, video and audio recordings are usually processed using a protocol analysis approach that results in labelled items. Although there are attempts to automate this process (Becattini and Alberio, 2022;Kan and Gero, 2017), content analysis is usually conducted using manual labour, thus taking a significant amount of time. Another type of non-intrusive data collection is the analysis of hackathon documents, such as analysis of created prototypes, reports, presentations, and evaluation.…”