“…1 Moreover, OSCs attract considerable research attention for their cost-effective fabrication, 2 large area printing, exibility, light weight, and semitransparency. 3 Typical bulkheterojunction (BHJ) OSCs comprise two mixed components of different energy levels and bandgaps, i.e., a p-type donor and n-type acceptor. The energetic difference between donors and acceptors induces a potential which results in charge dissociation of excitons at the donor-acceptor (D-A) interface, generated under solar irradiation.…”