Semiquantitative smoothelin expression in detection of muscle invasion in transurethral resection and cystectomy specimens in cases of urinary bladder carcinoma

Abstract

Objectives:To examine the usefulness of smoothelin -a new immunohistochemical (IHC) marker that is expressed predominantly in visceral smooth muscle -in recognizing muscularis propria (MP) in transurethral resection (TUR) and matched cystectomy specimens and to compare the pattern of its expression in muscularis mucosae (MM) and MP in radical cystectomy specimens. Methods: IHC staining for smoothelin was performed in 49 cases of urothelial carcinoma removed by radical cystectomy (16 had undergone TUR before the cystectomy). Results: In cystectomy specimens, smoothelin staining in the MP was strong (+3), moderate (+2) and weak (+1) in 49%, 44.9% and 6.1% of cases, respectively, whereas smoothelin positivity in the MM was absent and weak in 77.6% and 22.4% of cases, respectively. In TUR specimens, smoothelin immunoreactivity was moderate to strong in 68.8% and weak in 6.3% of cases and all of them proved to have MP invasion in cystectomy specimens. Conclusion:Smoothelin is a useful marker for the detection of MP in TUR specimens. Moderate to strong smoothelin staining of the muscles included in TUR specimens and split by the tumor is a sign of MP invasion. It may be useful in cancer staging and treatment decision making.

Analysis of Tumor Depth Invasion With Anti-Smoothelin Antibody in Equivocal Transurethral Resection of Urinary Bladder Tumor Surgical Specimens

“…The expression of the gene and protein smoothelin 19 was observed in the smooth muscle cells of the MP in the urinary bladder. 18 Ever since, several studies evaluated smoothelin potential to distinguish MP from MM in the bladder wall [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] as well as in the gastrointestinal tract. [20][21][22][23] In our study, we opted for the clone of smoothelin used in all published articles, R4A.…”

“…[20][21][22][23] In our study, we opted for the clone of smoothelin used in all published articles, R4A. We determined an optimal antibody titer of 1:100 utilized in 2 other published studies 13,24 and an antigen retrieval buffer with low pH (6.0) also previously used in other studies. [8][9][10]15,16,25 Some studies used a 1:150 dilution, 8,9,12,15,25 but others preferred a 1:200, 11 1:400, 10 or even a 1:500 dilution.…”

“…1,5,6 In the past decade, smoothelin, a protein expressed exclusively in contractile smooth muscle cells, 7 has attracted considerable interest for the subclassification of muscle types. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Researchers have addressed this issue by evaluating and comparing smoothelin expression with other markers. To date, despite the interest for smoothelin, technical limitations and conflicting published data still prevent its routine use from achieving a reliable consensus.…”

Effect of Curcumin on Systemic T Helper 17 Cell Response; Gingival Expressions of Interleukin‐17 and Retinoic Acid Receptor‐Related Orphan Receptor γt; and Alveolar Bone Loss in Experimental Periodontitis

“…Gingival tissue sections were evaluated by a photomicroscope operated by an experienced examiner (DB) masked to the experimental groups. Relative staining intensity observed in connective tissue was identified using a semiquantitative evaluation method, 27 and scored as follows: 1) 0 = no immunoreactivity; 2) 1 = weak but visible staining; 3) 2 = moderate staining; and 4) 3 = strong staining.…”

Kadmiyum verilen dişi sıçanlarda üreme sistemi üzerine melatonin ve selenyumun etkisi

“…Kontrol ve deney gruplarına ait üreme sistemi organlarının kesitlerinde incelenen yapısal değişiklikler Refaiy ve arkadaşlarının yapmış oldukları skorlamaya göre değerlendirildi (25).…”