Semiquantum key distribution without invoking the classical party’s measurement capability

Zou, Xiangfu; Qiu, Daowen; Zhang, Shengyu; Mateus, Paulo

doi:10.1007/s11128-015-1015-z

Cited by 76 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Continuing our discussion on reducing resource requirements, a protocol where B does not need to actually perform a measurement was shown in [26]. This protocol required the Measure and Permute operations.…”

Section: Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi-quantum cryptography

Iqbal

Krawec

2020

Quantum Inf Process

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols allow two parties to establish a shared secret key, secure against an all powerful adversary. This is a task impossible to achieve through classical communication only; indeed, to distribute a secret key through classical means requires one to assume computationally bounded adversaries. If, however, both parties are "quantum capable" then security may be attained assuming only that the adversary must obey the laws of physics. But "how quantum" must a protocol actually be to gain this advantage over classical communication? This is one of the questions semi-quantum cryptography seeks to answer.Semi-quantum communication, a model introduced in 2007 by M. Boyer, D. Kenigsberg, and T. Mor (PRL 99 140501), involves the use of fully-quantum users and semiquantum, or "classical" users. These classical users are only allowed to interact with the quantum channel in a limited, classical manner. Originally introduced to study the key-distribution problem, semi-quantum research has since expanded, and continues to grow, with new protocols, security proof methods, experimental implementations, and new cryptographic applications beyond key distribution. Research in the field of semi-quantum cryptography requires new insights into working with restricted protocols and, so, the tools and techniques derived in this field can translate to results in broader quantum information science. Furthermore, other questions such as the connection between quantum and classical processing, including how classical information processing can be used to counteract a quantum deficiency in a protocol, can shed light on important theoretical questions.This work surveys the history and current state-of-the-art in semi-quantum research. We discuss the model and several protocols offering the reader insight into how protocols are constructed in this realm. We discuss security proof methods and how classical post-processing can be used to counteract users' inability to perform certain quantum operations. Moving beyond key distribution, we survey current work in other * semi-quantum cryptographic protocols and current trends. We also survey recent work done in attempting to construct practical semi-quantum systems including recent experimental results in this field. Finally, as this is still a growing field, we highlight, throughout this survey, several open problems that we feel are important to investigate in the hopes that this will spur even more research in this topic.

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Section: Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi-quantum cryptography

Iqbal

Krawec

2020

Quantum Inf Process

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“…If MODE-3 is used, then additional statistics may be gathered allowing one to get tighter bounds on these expressions leading to Equation 29. Either way, one has a single free parameter, Λ 2 , bounded by Equation 19 (a function of the channel noise). From this, one may minimize Equation 9, over all Λ 2 in this range (note that Λ i is the inner-product appearing in λ i needed to compute Equation 9; in particular, Λ 2 = Re e 0 1,1 |e 1 0,2 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note this is significantly improved over the bound attained when only considering two bases (Equation 18). To evaluate S(A|E) in MODE-3, we must simply minimize the above expression over all Λ 2 bounded by Equation 19.…”

Section: B Parameter Estimation For Mode-3mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Semiquantum key distribution with high quantum noise tolerance

Amer

Krawec

2019

Phys. Rev. A

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Semi-quantum key distribution protocols are designed to allow two parties to establish a shared secret key, secure against an all-powerful adversary, even when one of the users is restricted to measuring and preparing quantum states in one single basis. While interesting from a theoretical standpoint, these protocols have the disadvantage that a two-way quantum communication channel is necessary which generally limits their theoretical efficiency and noise tolerance. In this paper, we construct a new semiquantum key distribution (SQKD) protocol which actually takes advantage of this necessary two-way channel, and, after performing an information theoretic security analysis against collective attacks, we show it is able to tolerate a channel noise level higher than any prior SQKD protocol to-date. We also compare the noise tolerance of our protocol to other two-way fully quantum protocols, along with BB84 with Classical Advantage Distillation (CAD). We also comment on some practical issues involving semi-quantum key distribution (in particular, concerning the potential complexity in physical implementation of our protocol as compared with other standard QKD protocols). Finally, we develop techniques that can be applied to the security analysis of other (S)QKD protocols reliant on a two-way quantum communication channel.

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“…In 2011, Wang et al [10] proposed an efficient SQKD protocol based on entangled states. In 2015, Zou et al [11] proposed a SQKD protocol in which the "classical" player does not need the measurement ca- * Electronic address: bluess1982@126.com pability, and just needs preparing, sending and reordering qubits. Krawec [12] proposed a mediated SQKD protocol where two "classical" players can establish a secret key with the help of a quantum server.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient semiquantum key distribution without entanglement

Wang

Gong

Shao

2019

Quantum Inf Process

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Quantum cryptography has attracted much attention in recent years. In most existing quantum cryptographic protocols, players usually need the full quantum power of generating, manipulating or measuring quantum states. Semiquantum cryptography was proposed to deal with the issue that some players require only partial quantum power, such as preparing or measuring quantum states in the classical basis, which simplifies the implementations of quantum cryptography. However, the efficiency of the existing semiquantum cryptographic protocols was relatively low from a practical point of view. In this paper, we devise some new semiquantum key distribution (SQKD) protocols which highly improve the efficiency of the most well-known SQKD protocols [Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 140501 (2007) & Phys. Rev. A 79, 052312 (2009]. By letting players select their actions asymmetrically, the efficiency of our new protocols can be made asymptotically close to 100%. Besides, one of our proposed protocols also utilizes the discarded X-SIFT bits in the original SQKD protocol, which further improves the efficiency of SQKD. We prove that the proposed SQKD protocols are completely robust against the most general attack.

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Semiquantum key distribution without invoking the classical party’s measurement capability

Cited by 76 publications

References 33 publications

Semi-quantum cryptography

Semi-quantum cryptography

Semiquantum key distribution with high quantum noise tolerance

Efficient semiquantum key distribution without entanglement

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