Sensing within Smart Buildings: A Survey

Alsafery, Wael; Rana, Omer F.; Perera, Charith

doi:10.1145/3596600

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 172 publications

(255 reference statements)

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“…Cloud computing emerges as a cornerstone technology in smart buildings, providing the computational horsepower and storage capabilities necessary to harness the full potential of the building's data. This synergy between cloud computing and smart building technologies ushers in a new era of energy efficiency, operational flexibility, and occupant-centric services [21]. At the core of cloud-enabled smart buildings is the ability to process and analyze large volumes of data generated from countless sensors and devices.…”

Section: Cloud Computing In Smart Buildingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Smart Buildings Integration with 5G and Cloud Technologies towards Energy Efficiency

Markogiannaki,

Stefanidou,

Kourtis

et al. 2023

Preprint

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As urbanization continues to accelerate, the concept of smart buildings has transitioned from a futuristic vision to an integral component of modern cities. These buildings, often seen as the building blocks of smart cities, are increasingly relying on cutting-edge technologies like 5G and cloud computing to reach unprecedented levels of energy efficiency, sustainability, and occupant comfort. This paper offers a comprehensive exploration into the marriage of smart building technologies with 5G and cloud computing. It scrutinizes the individual and combined impacts of these technologies, presents various case studies showcasing real-world applications, and anticipates future trends. Moreover, it delves into technical challenges, policy implications, and offers concrete recommendations for stakeholders.

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Section: Cloud Computing In Smart Buildingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Smart Buildings Integration with 5G and Cloud Technologies towards Energy Efficiency

Markogiannaki,

Stefanidou,

Kourtis

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Smart home and smart building technologies are a current trend in the development of modern society. These technologies are intended to provide intelligent living environments for daily convenience and comfort [30]. A smart building can be defined as a building containing a communications network, linking sensors, smart domestic appliances, and devices that can be remotely monitored and controlled to provide services that respond to the behavior of residents.…”

Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Building Energy Management: Adaptive Edge Computing for Optimized Efficiency and Inhabitant Comfort

Márquez-Sánchez,

Calvo-Gallego,

Erbad

et al. 2023

Electronics

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Nowadays, in contemporary building and energy management systems (BEMSs), the predominant approach involves rule-based methodologies, typically employing supervised or unsupervised learning, to deliver energy-saving recommendations to building occupants. However, these BEMSs often suffer from a critical limitation—they are primarily trained on building energy data alone, disregarding crucial elements such as occupant comfort and preferences. This inherent lack of adaptability to occupants significantly hampers the effectiveness of energy-saving solutions. Moreover, the prevalent cloud-based nature of these systems introduces elevated cybersecurity risks and substantial data transmission overheads. In response to these challenges, this article introduces a cutting-edge edge computing architecture grounded in virtual organizations, federated learning, and deep reinforcement learning algorithms, tailored to optimize energy consumption within buildings/homes and facilitate demand response. By integrating energy efficiency measures within virtual organizations, which dynamically learn from real-time inhabitant data while prioritizing comfort, our approach effectively optimizes inhabitant consumption patterns, ushering in a new era of energy efficiency in the built environment.

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“…For instance, WiFi and Bluetooth Low Energy leverage existing network infrastructures to detect occupancy through signal variations or the presence of devices, but they may raise privacy concerns. Radio-frequency identification excels in precise detection by identifying tagged individuals, yet it necessitates a comprehensive setup [ 22 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Ultrasonic sensors provide a non-intrusive means of detection, but their performance can be influenced by the acoustics of the environment [ 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive Infrared Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

Shokrollahi,

Persson,

Malekian

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Buildings are rapidly becoming more digitized, largely due to developments in the internet of things (IoT). This provides both opportunities and challenges. One of the central challenges in the process of digitizing buildings is the ability to monitor these buildings’ status effectively. This monitoring is essential for services that rely on information about the presence and activities of individuals within different areas of these buildings. Occupancy information (including people counting, occupancy detection, location tracking, and activity detection) plays a vital role in the management of smart buildings. In this article, we primarily focus on the use of passive infrared (PIR) sensors for gathering occupancy information. PIR sensors are among the most widely used sensors for this purpose due to their consideration of privacy concerns, cost-effectiveness, and low processing complexity compared to other sensors. Despite numerous literature reviews in the field of occupancy information, there is currently no literature review dedicated to occupancy information derived specifically from PIR sensors. Therefore, this review analyzes articles that specifically explore the application of PIR sensors for obtaining occupancy information. It provides a comprehensive literature review of PIR sensor technology from 2015 to 2023, focusing on applications in people counting, activity detection, and localization (tracking and location). It consolidates findings from articles that have explored and enhanced the capabilities of PIR sensors in these interconnected domains. This review thoroughly examines the application of various techniques, machine learning algorithms, and configurations for PIR sensors in indoor building environments, emphasizing not only the data processing aspects but also their advantages, limitations, and efficacy in producing accurate occupancy information. These developments are crucial for improving building management systems in terms of energy efficiency, security, and user comfort, among other operational aspects. The article seeks to offer a thorough analysis of the present state and potential future advancements of PIR sensor technology in efficiently monitoring and understanding occupancy information by classifying and analyzing improvements in these domains.

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Sensing within Smart Buildings: A Survey

Cited by 22 publications

References 172 publications

A Survey on Smart Buildings Integration with 5G and Cloud Technologies towards Energy Efficiency

A Survey on Smart Buildings Integration with 5G and Cloud Technologies towards Energy Efficiency

Enhancing Building Energy Management: Adaptive Edge Computing for Optimized Efficiency and Inhabitant Comfort

Passive Infrared Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

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