Sensitive and robotic determination of bromate in sea water and drinking deep-sea water by headspace solid-phase micro extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Lim, Hyun‐Hee; Shin, Ho‐Sang

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2012.06.046

Cited by 22 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In this manner, no carry-over issues were identified for blank samples injected after the cleaning injection. LODs were similar or lower to those reported in the literature for the analysis of these anions in seawater samples by other methods [9,22,23,24]. Upper limits of the calibration curves were set to evaluate the response linearity range for each targeted analyte.…”

Section: Validation Of the Ic-ms Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Ultra-trace determination of oxyhalides in ozonated aquacultural marine waters by direct injection ion chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry

Rodríguez

Lam

Smith

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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A direct, robust, accurate and highly sensitive method for oxyhalide species in natural waters, including seawater, using suppressed ion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (IC-MS) is described. The method utilised a high capacity, high efficiency anion-exchange column (Dionex IonPac AS11-HC, 4 mm, 2 Â 250 mm), with the separation achieved using an electrolytically generated potassium hydroxide gradient, delivered at 0.380 mL min À1 . Applying the method, detection limits for iodate, bromate, and chlorate in seawater after direct sample injection (20 μL injection volume, samples diluted 10-fold), were 11, 30 and 13 ng L À1 (ppt), respectively.Standard addition calibrations to ozonated seawater samples were linear, in all cases R 2 > 0.999 (n ¼ 10), with intra-day repeatability of 3.7, 11.2 and 1.8 % RSD (n ¼ 10) for a low-level standard mixture (0.30 μg L À1 of iodate, 0.15 μg L À1 of bromate, and 1.50 μg L À1 of chlorate). The method was applied to the analysis of seawater samples taken pre-and post-disinfection points within a recirculating aquacultural system. Iodate, bromate and chlorate were detected as the main oxyanionic disinfection by-products, demonstrating the practical utility of the new method as a valuable tool for monitoring changes to seawater composition following disinfection treatments.

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Section: Validation Of the Ic-ms Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Ultra-trace determination of oxyhalides in ozonated aquacultural marine waters by direct injection ion chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry

Rodríguez

Lam

Smith

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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“…As bromide ions may be present in natural freshwater and especially in seawater, any treatment of these waters by chlorine, ozone or hypochlorite is liable to oxidize bromide to bromate. Background levels of bromate in sea water are below 1 µg/L (Chen et al 2006 ; Zakaria et al 2011 ; Lim and Shin 2012 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bromate was not detected in untreated seawater using detection limits of 60 µg/L and 2 µg/L (Chen et al 2006 ; Zakaria et al 2011 ). Background concentrations of 0.1–0.6 µg/L bromate in five sea water samples from the south sea at Korea were reported (Lim and Shin 2012 ). Although high concentrations of bromate were detected in some seawater pools, there are also other seawater pools with bromate concentrations below the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 200 µg/Lover the entire period examined.…”

Section: Physical–chemical Properties Formation Occurrence Of Bromate...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If sea water is utilized as fill-up water, its natural bromide content determines the background concentration before disinfection. In natural sea water, bromate may be present below 1 µg/L (Lim and Shin 2012 ). The current bathing water guidance values differ by several orders of magnitude, depending partly on the evaluation of the carcinogenic mode of action (MOA), as well as on the exposure assessment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New aspects in deriving health-based guidance values for bromate in swimming pool water

et al. 2022

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Bromate, classified as a EU CLP 1B carcinogen, is a typical by-product of the disinfection of drinking and swimming pool water. The aim of this study was (a) to provide data on the occurrence of bromate in pool water, (b) to re-evaluate the carcinogenic MOA of bromate in the light of existing data, (c) to assess the possible exposure to bromate via swimming pool water and (d) to inform the derivation of cancer risk-related bromate concentrations in swimming pool water. Measurements from monitoring analysis of 229 samples showed bromate concentrations in seawater pools up to 34 mg/L. A comprehensive non-systematic literature search was done and the quality of the studies on genotoxicity and carcinogenicity was assessed by Klimisch criteria (Klimisch et al., Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 25:1–5, 1997) and SciRAP tool (Beronius et al., J Appl Toxicol, 38:1460–1470, 2018) respectively. Benchmark dose (BMD) modeling was performed using the modeling average mode in BMDS 3.1 and PROAST 66.40, 67 and 69 (human cancer BMDL10; EFSA 2017). For exposure assessment, data from a wide range of sources were evaluated for their reliability. Different target groups (infants/toddlers, children and adults) and exposure scenarios (recreational, sport-active swimmers, top athletes) were considered for oral, inhalation and dermal exposure. Exposure was calculated according to the frequency of swimming events and duration in water. For illustration, cancer risk-related bromate concentrations in pool water were calculated for different target groups, taking into account their exposure using the hBMDL10 and a cancer risk of 1 in 100,000. Convincing evidence was obtained from a multitude of studies that bromate induces oxidative DNA damage and acts as a clastogen in vitro and in vivo. Since statistical modeling of the available genotoxicity data is compatible with both linear as well as non-linear dose–response relationships, bromate should be conservatively considered to be a non-threshold carcinogen. BMD modeling with model averaging for renal cancer studies (Kurokawa et al., J Natl. Cancer Inst, 1983 and 1986a; DeAngelo et al., Toxicol Pathol 26:587–594, 1998) resulted in a median hBMDL10 of 0.65 mg bromate/kg body weight (bw) per day. Evaluation of different age and activity groups revealed that top athletes had the highest exposure, followed by sport-active children, sport-active adults, infants and toddlers, children and adults. The predominant route of exposure was oral (73–98%) by swallowing water, followed by the dermal route (2–27%), while the inhalation route was insignificant (< 0.5%). Accepting the same risk level for all population groups resulted in different guidance values due to the large variation in exposure. For example, for an additional risk of 1 in 100,000, the bromate concentrations would range between 0.011 for top athletes, 0.015 for sport-active children and 2.1 mg/L for adults. In conclusion, the present study shows that health risks due to bromate exposure by swimming pool water cannot be excluded and that large differences in risk exist depending on the individual swimming habits and water concentrations.

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“…Moreover, in vial alkylation with 2,6-dimethylphenol, N-butanol, iodoethane (/sodium hydride), and diazomethane (/diethylether) have also been reported with phenylurea and phenoxy acid herbicides, phthalic monoesters, bromate, and PFCAs [76][77][78][79][80][81]. Esterification of acetic acids was carried out by reacting with dimethyl sulfate/NaOH, sulfuric acid/methanol, sulfuric acid/ethanol with in vial…”

Section: Alkylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Solid-Phase Microextraction Combined with Derivatization for Polar Compound Sampling in Environmental Analysis

Yang¹,

Luan²

2016

Solid Phase Microextraction

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Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a solvent-free sample preparation technique using a fused-silica fiber coated with an appropriate stationary phase. Derivatization is often necessary to determine substances with poor chromatographic behavior, high reactivity, and/or volatility or thermal instability. SPME derivatization technique can be operated under different combined modes and may be influenced by factors such as sample matrix, SPME, derivatization, and desorption condition. Combined with derivatization, HS-SPME, DI-SPME, membrane-protected SPME, and in-tube SPME have been applied to the analysis of a vast amount of chemicals, i.e., aldehydes and acetone, amines, organic acids, phenolic compounds, pesticide, metal and organic metal species, and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in a wide range of environmental matrices, including air, water, soil, and sediment samples. This chapter reviews the mode and method development of the derivatization technique, the derivatization reagents, and reaction mechanism, as well as its applications in environmental analysis.

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Sensitive and robotic determination of bromate in sea water and drinking deep-sea water by headspace solid-phase micro extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Cited by 22 publications

References 43 publications

Ultra-trace determination of oxyhalides in ozonated aquacultural marine waters by direct injection ion chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry

Ultra-trace determination of oxyhalides in ozonated aquacultural marine waters by direct injection ion chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry

New aspects in deriving health-based guidance values for bromate in swimming pool water

Application of Solid-Phase Microextraction Combined with Derivatization for Polar Compound Sampling in Environmental Analysis

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