Sensitive Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Trazodone Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Kumar, Ramanaboyina Sudhir; Hadagali, Manjunatha D.; Shaikh, S.M.T.; Seetharamappa, J.; Harikrishna, K.

doi:10.1248/cpb.54.968

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In particular, they are used in technologies for determining the acidity of pure and natural waters [5][6][7] and are also the basis of sensitive elements of optical pH sensors, fiber optic biosensors, and chips [8][9][10][11]. Quantitative determination of components in bioand pharmaceuticals is one of the most promising areas of their application as analytical reagents: Antimicrobial, antihistamines, bactericidal, antidepressants, and others [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cation–Anionic Interactions of Dyes in Aqueous Solutions: Bromocresol Purple in the Processes of Dissimilar Association

Shapovalov¹

2021

Colorants

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The interaction between single- or double-charged anions of bromocresol purple (BP) and cyanine cations (quinaldine blue, QB, or quinaldine red, QR) at concentrations of dyes 5.0·10−7–4.0·10−5 mol/L has been investigated by vis-spectroscopy. The thermodynamic constants of dissimilar associations (Kas) have been studied. Comparison of the values of lg Kas shows that QB− associates of BP− are more stable (6.61 ± 0.07) than QR associates (4.84 ± 0.06); a similar phenomenon is observed for associates of the BP2− anion. Semi-empirical calculations (PM3 method) are in agreement with the vis-spectroscopy data and indicate that the association of dye into an associate is possible. The standard enthalpies of formation of associates (ΔfHo) and energy diagrams have been determined. The ΔfHo data indicate that the formation of an associate between dye ions is an energetically favourable process. The gain in energy significantly exceeds the systematic error of semi-empirical calculations and increases from 157 kJ/mol (associate ”BP− + QB+”) to 729 kJ/mol (associate “BP2− + QR+”). The most probable structures of dissimilar associates are presented. The study of the dissimilar association develops the concept of intermolecular interactions in solutions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is noteworthy that many applications are based on the formation of dissimilar associates between the anionic form of sulfonephthalein and the analyte. In some cases, associates are able to be extracted into the organic phase (chloroform, dichloromethane [12,13,[15][16][17][18][19]21,24,26]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cation–Anionic Interactions of Dyes in Aqueous Solutions: Bromocresol Purple in the Processes of Dissimilar Association

Shapovalov¹

2021

Colorants

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Application of a trazodone-selective electrode to pharmaceutical quality control and urine analyses

et al. 2009

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A trazodone-selective electrode for application in pharmaceutical quality control and urine analysis was developed. The electrode is based on incorporation of a trazodone-tetraphenylborate ion exchanger in a poly(vinyl chloride) membrane. The electrode showed a fast, stable and Nernstian response over a wide trazodone concentration range (5 x 10(-5)-1 x 10(-2) M) with a mean slope of 59.3 +/- 0.9 mV/dec of concentration, a mean detection limit of 1.8 x 10(-5) +/- 2.2 x 10(-6) M, a wide working pH range (5-7.5) and a fast response time (less than 20 s). The electrode also showed good accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility and selectivity with respect to some inorganic and organic compounds, including the main trazodone metabolite. The electrode provided good analytical results in the determination of trazodone in pharmaceuticals and spiked urine samples; no extraction steps were necessary. Dissolution testing of trazodone tablets, in different conditions of pH and particle size, based on a direct potentiometric determination with the new selective electrode is presented as well.

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Heteroassociation of the bromine-containing anions of sulfophthaleins in aqueous solution

Shapovalov

Kiseleva

2010

Russ Chem Bull

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The ability of bromine containing anions of sulfophthalein dyes, such as bromophenol blue (BPB), bromocresol green (BCG), bromocresol purple (BCP), bromothymol blue (BTB), as well as non substituted phenol red (PhR), to form heteroassociates in aqueous solution was investigated. Singly and doubly charged anions BPB, BCG, BCP, BTB, and PhR (HAn -, An 2-) are capable of forming stable heteroassociates of composition Ct + •HAn -and (Ct + ) 2 •An 2-with cationic polymethine dyes (Ct + ), such as pinacyanol and quinaldine red. The enthalpies of formation of the dye ions and heteroassociates were calculated by semiempirical methods, and the most probable structure of heteroassociates was determined.Sulfophthalein dyes have long been effectively used as acid base and metallochromic indicators, and also as analytical reagents for photometric determination of many metal ions, surfactants, organic bases, etc. 1-4 The sulfo phthaleins possess a range of specific features, such as the possibility of the separate existence of anionic protolytic forms, their stability, weak dimerization, good resolution of absorption bands of singly and doubly charged ions in the electronic spectra and, as a result, the high color con trast of indicator transitions. 1,4-7 In this class of com pounds, bromo derivatives of sulfophthaneins (BDSP), such as bromophenol blue (BPB), bromocresol green (BCG), bromocresol purple (BCP), and bromothymol blue (BTB), have attracted attention. These BDSP are also used for the high precision in situ determination of pH of pure 8,9 and natural waters (a mixture of sulfophthaleins is used). 10,11 BDSP is the basis of sensitive elements of optical рН sensors, 12 fiber optic biosensors, and chips 13-16 (e.g., BTB and acetylcholine esterase doped with a sol gel film are sensitive to the content of organophosphate pesticide). 14 Indicators are effectively used for the study of serum albumin. 17-20 One of the most promising fields of application of BDSP as analytical reagents is the quanti tative determination of the range of components in bio agents and pharmaceuticals: antiviral (indinavir), 21 anti microbial (enoxacin), 22 antibacterial (gatifloxacin, 23 sparfloxacin, 24 ofloxacin 25 ), antihistaminic (oxomem azine), 26,27 and hypotensive (irbesartan, 28 nifedipine, 29 dilti azem 30 ) agents, antidepressants (tianeptine, 31 trazodone, 32 sertraline, fluoxetine, venlafaxine 33 ), antiulcer agents (raniti dine), 34 etc. 35,36 It is noteworthy that the high precision and rapid methods described above are based on the for mation of heteroassociates (ionic pairs) between the com ponent to be determined and the anionic forms of BDSP. Very often heteroassociates are extracted into an organic phase (tricloromethane, 21,22,25,27,29,30,32 dichlorometh ane 26,36 ). Let us note that solutions of BDSP are rather complex, since each of the dyes is subjected to many pro tolytic and tautomeric transformations (even in a thin film state BDSP can exist as an equilibrium mixture of associated lactone, quinoid, and zwitterionic form...

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Sensitive Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Trazodone Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Cited by 9 publications

References 15 publications

Cation–Anionic Interactions of Dyes in Aqueous Solutions: Bromocresol Purple in the Processes of Dissimilar Association

Cation–Anionic Interactions of Dyes in Aqueous Solutions: Bromocresol Purple in the Processes of Dissimilar Association

Application of a trazodone-selective electrode to pharmaceutical quality control and urine analyses

Heteroassociation of the bromine-containing anions of sulfophthaleins in aqueous solution

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