Sensitive profiling of biogenic amines in urine using CE with transient isotachophoretic preconcentration

Abstract

A transient ITP-CZE system is proposed for the determination of biogenic amines in urine. The complete separation and identification of dopamine, tyramine (TA), tryptamine (T), serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and normetanephrine have been achieved in a twofold diluted urine sample (in which the analytes were below the LODs by normal CZE). The tITP preconcentration conditions were created by introducing a 30 mM solution of NaOH, containing 0.1% hydroxypropylcellulose (pH 6.5 adjusted with MES), and 0.1 M HCl before and after the sample zone to work as leading and terminating electrolytes, respectively. This allowed the LODs of direct UV absorption detection to be decreased down to the 10 -8 M level that is comparable with the sensitivity thresholds of LIF detection or inline SPE-CE. The RSDs of migration time and peak area for realbiofluid analysis were in the range of 0.1-4.5% and 0.8-16% (n 5 3), respectively. Quantification of dopamine, TA, T, and serotonin was performed using internal calibration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on probing urinal biogenic amines and their metabolites by tITP-CZE.

Two-Dimensional Capillary Electrophoresis with On-Line Sample Preparation and Cyclodextrin Separation Environment for Direct Determination of Serotonin in Human Urine

“…In accordance with these results were the data found in literature ranging from tens to hundreds ng·mL −1 . For example, the concentration levels of 5-HT found in urine samples were 144.5 ng·mL −1 [ 20 ], 319 ng·mL −1 [ 21 ], 52–121 ng·mL −1 [ 24 ], 72.6–125.3 ng·mL −1 [ 26 ], and 223.8 ng·mL −1 [ 27 ]. The successful application of the developed ITP–CZE–UV method supported its practical utilization in routine clinical laboratories aimed to screening of low molecular biomarkers such as biogenic amines including serotonin.…”

“…Several papers deal with the CE analysis of 5-HT in different biological sample matrices, such as urine [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], plasma, serum [ 22 , 28 ], blood [ 22 , 29 ], brain tissue [ 30 , 31 ], bowel content [ 32 ], neurons [ 33 , 34 ], and commercially available food supplements [ 35 , 36 ]. Most of the cited CE methods were accompanied with either external (liquid-liquid extraction—LLE, solid phase extraction—SPE) or on-line (various stacking methods, e.g., field-amplified sample injection, dynamic pH junction, transient isotachophoresis) sample pretreatment in order to decrease limit of detection (LOD).…”

Environmentally friendly solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the determination of biogenic amines in fish samples

“…There are many classic analytical methods for the determination of BA levels in foods such as HPLC , CE , TLC , and GC . In general, HPLC–MS is an effective technology to determinate BAs contents without derivatization, but it also has some limitations, such as expensive instrument and high test cost.…”

Sensitive profiling of biogenic amines in human urine by capillary electrophoresis with field amplified sample injection

“…Concerning pre-concentration techniques of biogenic amines, detection limits and sensitivity were improved by increasing the amount of polar analytes loaded into the capillary. Many contributions have focused on electrophoretic on-column and off-column sample stacking approaches, such as solid-phase extraction (Strausbauch et al, 1996), pH-mediated sample stacking (Neususs et al, 2002), on-column isotachophoresis (Cugat et al, 2002;Xu et al, 2009) and field-amplified sample injection (FASI; Zhang and Thormann, 1996;Chien and Burgi, 1991;Wey and Thormann, 2001;Monton and Terabe, 2004;Yang et al, 2006). Among these, FASI is a robust technique that has been used with organic analytes to provide 1000-fold or higher sensitivity enhancement, maintaining CE advantages such as rapid separation and high efficiency (Zhang and Thormann, 1996;Monton and Terabe, 2004;Hempel, 2000).…”