Sensitivity of Different Ecotypes and Mutants ofArabidopsis thaliana toward the Bacterial Elicitor Flagellin Correlates with the Presence of Receptor-binding Sites

Bauer, Zsuzsa; Gómez-Gómez, Lourdes; Boller, Thomas; Felix, Georg

doi:10.1074/jbc.m102390200

Cited by 181 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…S2C), in agreement with FLS2-GFP internalization requiring BAK1 function (5). Taken together, these findings demonstrate the receptor-dependent uptake of the peptide into FLS2-GFP-positive endosomes that might explain the irreversible flg22 binding when using intact cells, but not when using plant extracts (19). This finding is an example of receptor-mediated cointernalization of ligands in plants, reminiscent of a brassinosteroid fluorescent analog colocalizing with BRI1 (9), and demonstrates the internalization of liganded, signaling-competent FLS2 receptors.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is required for immunity mediated by pattern recognition receptor kinases

Mbengue

Bourdais

Gervasi

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Sensing of potential pathogenic bacteria is of critical importance for immunity. In plants, this involves plasma membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors, one of which is the FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) receptor kinase. Ligand-activated FLS2 receptors are internalized into endosomes. However, the extent to which these spatiotemporal dynamics are generally present among pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their regulation remain elusive. Using live-cell imaging, we show that at least three other receptor kinases associated with plant immunity, PEP RECEPTOR 1/2 (PEPR1/2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR), internalize in a ligand-specific manner. In all cases, endocytosis requires the coreceptor BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1), and thus depends on receptor activation status. We also show the internalization of liganded FLS2, suggesting the transport of signaling competent receptors. Trafficking of activated PRRs requires clathrin and converges onto the same endosomal vesicles that are also shared with the hormone receptor BRASSINOSTERIOD INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1). Importantly, clathrin-dependent endocytosis participates in plant defense against bacterial infection involving FLS2-mediated stomatal closure and callose deposition, but is uncoupled from activation of the flagellin-induced oxidative burst and MAP kinase signaling. In conclusion, immunity mediated by pattern recognition receptors depends on clathrin, a critical component for the endocytosis of signaling competent receptors into a common endosomal pathway.pattern-triggered immunity | clathrin | FLS2 | PEPR1 | EFR

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is required for immunity mediated by pattern recognition receptor kinases

Mbengue

Bourdais

Gervasi

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

181

213

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“…It has been postulated that plants have evolved to recognize PAMPs, probably through the presence of patternrecognition receptors (Ausubel, 2005), as demonstrated for flg22 and Pep-13 (Nü rnberger et al, 1995;Bauer et al, 2001;Chinchilla et al, 2006). Because the aromatic amino acids involved in cellulose binding of CBDs are surface-exposed residues, they might easily interact with a putative receptor at the plasma membrane.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose Binding Domains of a Phytophthora Cell Wall Protein Are Novel Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

et al. 2006

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The cellulose binding elicitor lectin (CBEL) from Phytophthora parasitica nicotianae contains two cellulose binding domains (CBDs) belonging to the Carbohydrate Binding Module1 family, which is found almost exclusively in fungi. The mechanism by which CBEL is perceived by the host plant remains unknown. The role of CBDs in eliciting activity was investigated using modified versions of the protein produced in Escherichia coli or synthesized in planta through the potato virus X expression system. Recombinant CBEL produced by E. coli elicited necrotic lesions and defense gene expression when injected into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves. CBEL production in planta induced necrosis. Site-directed mutagenesis on aromatic amino acid residues located within the CBDs as well as leaf infiltration assays using mutated and truncated recombinant proteins confirmed the importance of intact CBDs to induce defense responses. Tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana leaf infiltration assays using synthetic peptides showed that the CBDs of CBEL are essential and sufficient to stimulate defense responses. Moreover, CBEL elicits a transient variation of cytosolic calcium levels in tobacco cells but not in protoplasts. These results define CBDs as a novel class of molecular patterns in oomycetes that are targeted by the innate immune system of plants and might act through interaction with the cell wall.

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“…Functional complementation by LeFLS2-GFP was assayed in standard procedures measuring chemical binding, oxidative burst, ethylene production, and seedling fresh weight Gomez-Gomez et al 1999;Bauer et al 2001). Flagellin peptides were used with following sequences: flg22 -QRL STG SRI NSA KDD AAG LQI A, flg15 -RIN SAK DDA AGL QIA, and flg15 E.coli -RIN SAK DDA AGQ AIA.…”

Section: Cloning and Construction Of Lefls2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparative studies between the Brassicaceae Arabidopsis thaliana and the Solanaceae tomato showed that both hold a highly sensitive perception system for flg22, but also revealed distinct specificities for variants of this peptide. Whereas the peptide flg15, a N-terminally shortened version of flg22, elicits responses only at higher concentrations in A. thaliana, it is highly active in tomato (Meindl et al 2000;Bauer et al 2001;Chinchilla et al 2006). This discrimination between peptide requirements in A. thaliana and tomato is even more pronounced with a flg15 variant corresponding to the flagellin sequence of E. coli, flg15 E.coli (Meindl et al 2000;Bauer et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular identification and characterization of the tomato flagellin receptor LeFLS2, an orthologue of Arabidopsis FLS2 exhibiting characteristically different perception specificities

et al. 2007

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Bacterial flagellin is known to stimulate host immune responses in mammals and plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the receptor kinase FLS2 mediates flagellin perception through physical interaction with a highly conserved epitope in the N-terminus of flagellin, represented by the peptide flg22 derived from Pseudomonas syringae. The peptide flg22 is highly active as an elicitor in many plant species. In contrast, a shortened version of the same epitope derived from Escherichia coli, flg15

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Sensitivity of Different Ecotypes and Mutants ofArabidopsis thaliana toward the Bacterial Elicitor Flagellin Correlates with the Presence of Receptor-binding Sites

Cited by 181 publications

References 37 publications

Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is required for immunity mediated by pattern recognition receptor kinases

Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is required for immunity mediated by pattern recognition receptor kinases

Cellulose Binding Domains of a Phytophthora Cell Wall Protein Are Novel Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

Molecular identification and characterization of the tomato flagellin receptor LeFLS2, an orthologue of Arabidopsis FLS2 exhibiting characteristically different perception specificities

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