Sensitization Prevalence for Benzalkonium Chloride and Benzethonium Chloride

Dao, Harry; Fricker, Chris; Nedorost, Susan T.

doi:10.1097/der.0b013e318260d78d

Cited by 36 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…A study evaluating 142 patients with suspected allergies to the most commonly used QAC, i.e. benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and benzethonium chloride (BEC), confirmed sensitization by patch test to these compounds in 20% of the patients and identified potential co-reactions between the two QAC in 85% of the subjects who tested positive (Dao et al 2012). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the irritancy and hypersensitivity potential following topical application of didecyldimethylammonium chloride

Anderson

Shane

Long

et al. 2016

Journal of Immunotoxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) is a dialkyl-quaternary ammonium compound that is used in numerous products for its bactericidal, virucidal and fungicidal properties. There have been clinical reports of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions in exposed individuals; however, the sensitization potential of DDAC has not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the irritancy and sensitization potential of DDAC following dermal exposure in a murine model. DDAC induced significant irritancy (0.5 and 1%), evaluated by ear swelling in female Balb/c mice. Initial evaluation of the sensitization potential was conducted using the local lymph node assay (LLNA) at concentrations ranging from 0.0625–1%. A concentration-dependent increase in lymphocyte proliferation was observed with a calculated EC3 value of 0.17%. Dermal exposure to DDAC did not induce increased production of IgE as evaluated by phenotypic analysis of draining lymph node B-cells (IgE+B220+) and measurement of total serum IgE levels. Additional phenotypic analyses revealed significant and dose-responsive increases in the absolute number of B-cells, CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells and dendritic cells in the draining lymph nodes, along with significant increases in the percentage of B-cells (0.25% and 1% DDAC) at Day 10 following 4 days of dermal exposure. There was also a significant and dose-responsive increase in the number of activated CD44 + CD4 + and CD8+ T-cells and CD86+ B-cells and dendritic cells following exposure to all concentrations of DDAC. These results demonstrate the potential for development of irritation and hypersensitivity responses to DDAC following dermal exposure and raise concerns about the use of this chemical and other quaternary ammonium compounds that may elicit similar effects.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the irritancy and hypersensitivity potential following topical application of didecyldimethylammonium chloride

Anderson

Shane

Long

et al. 2016

Journal of Immunotoxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In recent years, numerous works have been published describing the toxic activity of BAC in the in vitro and in vivo studies [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Scientific interest in BAC toxicity to the living organisms has resulted from a wide range of its use as a bactericide and preservative.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic effect in the lungs of rats after inhalation exposure to benzalkonium chloride

Świercz¹,

Hałatek²,

Stetkiewicz³

et al. 2013

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) toxic to microorganisms. Inhalation is one of the major possible routes of human exposure to BAC. Materials and Methods: Experiments were performed on female Wistar rats. The rats were exposed to aerosol of BAC water solution at the target concentration of 0 (control group) and 35 mg/m 3 for 5 days (6 h/day) and, after a 2-week interval, the animals were challenged (day 21 ) with BAC aerosol at the target concentration of 0 (control group) and 35 mg/m 3 for 6 h. Results: Compared to the controls, the animals exposed to BAC aerosol were characterized by lower food intake and their body weight was significantly smaller. As regards BAC-exposed group, a significant increase was noted in relative lung mass, total protein concentration, and MIP-2 in BALF both directly after the termination of the exposure and 18 h afterwards. Significantly higher IL-6 and IgE concentrations in BALF and a decrease in the CC16 concentration in BALF were found in the exposed group immediately after the exposure. The leukocyte count in BALF was significantly higher in the animals exposed to BAC aerosol compared to the controls. In the lungs of rats exposed to BAC the following effects were observed: minimal perivascular, interstitial edema, focal aggregates of alveolar macrophages, interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrations, thickened alveolar septa and marginal lipoproteinosis. Conclusion: Inhalation of BAC induced a strong inflammatory response and a damage to the blood-air barrier. Reduced concentrations of CC16, which is an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory protein, in combination with increased IgE concentrations in BALF may be indicative of the immuno-inflammatory response in the animals exposed to BAC aerosol by inhalation. Histopathological examinations of tissue samples from the BAC-exposed rats revealed a number of pathological changes found only in the lungs.

show abstract

“…1,5 Benzethonium chloride and BAK are both quaternary ammonium salts with shared absorption and penetration properties, which can lead to a potential for cross-reaction. 25 A report of allergic reactions to feminine hygiene sprays included 2 patients who had allergic contact reactions to BEC; these 2 patients also had positive patch test results to BAK. 44 In a study that focused on differentiating allergic and irritant quaternary ammonium patch test reactions, 1 of 8 patients with the potential for ACD due to BAK (but no BEC exposure) had a cross-reaction between BAK and BEC.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…35 Of 8 patients with reactions to BEC in another study, 6 also had coreactions to BAK. 25 Such findings have led some authors 25 to propose BEC testing when there is suspicion for sensitivity to BEC or BAK.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…26 However, in a report comparing various concentrations and vehicles of BAK, a greater number of positive reactions was found with the use of 0.15% aq and 0.15% pet rather than solely 0.1% aq, although this may be secondary to the increase in concentration. 25 Further investigation regarding the optimal vehicle to minimize irritancy but capture allergenicity is needed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Benzalkonium Chloride

Wentworth¹,

Yiannias²,

Davis³

et al. 2016

Dermatitis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Sensitization Prevalence for Benzalkonium Chloride and Benzethonium Chloride

Abstract: Sensitization to BAK and BEC, although rare, does occur. Weak and morphologically irritant reactions at day 7 reading can be relevant. We recommend testing to BAK 0.15% aq and 0.15% pet to increase sensitivity and having patients undergo long-term follow-up.

Cited by 36 publications

References 17 publications

Evaluation of the irritancy and hypersensitivity potential following topical application of didecyldimethylammonium chloride

Evaluation of the irritancy and hypersensitivity potential following topical application of didecyldimethylammonium chloride

Toxic effect in the lungs of rats after inhalation exposure to benzalkonium chloride

Benzalkonium Chloride

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About