Sensory, motor and cognitive alterations in aged cats

Levine, Michael S.; Lloyd, Robert L.; Fisher, Robin S.; Hull, C.D.; Buchwald, N.A.

doi:10.1016/0197-4580(87)90010-8

Cited by 44 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The present results are consistent with studies that report age-related differences in reversal learning (Davis 1978;Bartus et al 1979;Dean and Bartus 1988;Milgram et al 1994;Lai et al 1995;Itoh et al 2001;Tsuchida et al 2002) but are at odds with other studies that fail to find an effect of age on reversal learning (Bernstein 1961;Levine et al 1987;Rapp 1990;Voytko 1993Voytko , 1999Lai et al 1995;Anderson et al 1996;Herndon et al 1997;Head et al 1998;Lacreuse et al 1999). These discrepant findings may arise because reversal learning deficits may only become apparent in advanced stages of aging (Voytko 1999;Itoh et al 2001).…”

Section: Tapp Et Alcontrasting

confidence: 44%

“…Discrimination reversals require subjects to inhibit prepotent responses to previously correct stimuli and to shift responses to a new stimulus-reward contingency within the same perceptual dimension. Although discrimination reversal tasks are used primarily to study animal models of aging (Tighe 1964;Freidman and Marshall 1965;Beck et al 1966;Coutant and Warren 1966;Buchmann and Grecian 1974;Davis 1978;Bartus et al 1979;Levine et al 1987;Rapp 1990;Means and Holsten 1992;Milgram et al 1994;Lai et al 1995;Rahner-Welsch et al 1995;Head et al 1998;Voytko 1999;Itoh et al 2001;Bonney and Wynne 2002), they are easily adapted for tests of inhibitory control in humans (Kendler and Kendler 1959;Kendler et al 1960;Oscar-Berman and Zola-Morgan 1980;Freedman and OscarBerman 1989;Daum et al 1991;Lawrence et al 1999).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Size and Reversal Learning in the Beagle Dog as a Measure of Executive Function and Inhibitory Control in Aging

Tapp¹,

Siwak²,

Estrada³

et al. 2003

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181

140

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Several studies converge on the idea that executive processes age earlier than other cognitive processes. As part of a larger effort to investigate age-related changes in executive processes in the dog, inhibitory control was measured in young, middle-aged, old, and senior dogs using size discrimination learning and reversal procedures. Compared to young and middle-aged dogs, old and senior dogs were impaired on both the initial learning of the size task and the reversal of original reward contingencies. Impaired performance in the two aged groups was characterized as a delay in learning the correct stimulus-reward contingencies and, among the senior dogs in particular, an increase in perseverative responding. These separate patterns of reversal impairments in the old and senior dogs may reflect different rates of aging in subregions of the frontal cortex.Inhibitory control and performance monitoring are critical executive functions of the human brain which show decreased efficiency during normal aging (McDowd and Oseas

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Section: Tapp Et Alcontrasting

confidence: 44%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Size and Reversal Learning in the Beagle Dog as a Measure of Executive Function and Inhibitory Control in Aging

Tapp¹,

Siwak²,

Estrada³

et al. 2003

Learn. Mem.

181

140

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although the utilization of cats in neurobiological studies is well documented, their use in cognitive-motor assessment paradigms is widely viewed as challenging. Sensitive and reliable measures of cognition (Dore et al, 1996) and motor function in cats could provide valid and sensitive endpoints for studies of feline aging (Levine et al, 1987), diet, and disease states. We have been particularly interested in utilizing cognitive and motor tests to distinguish behavioral effects of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), aiding in our understanding of the pathophysiology and pharmacologic management of the disease (Meeker, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of a T-maze to measure cognitive–motor function in cats (Felis catus)

Sherman

Gruen

Meeker

et al. 2013

Journal of Veterinary Behavior

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Few tests have been developed to test the cognitive and motor capabilities of domestic cats, in spite of the suitability of cats for specific studies of neuroanatomy, infectious diseases, development, aging, and behavior. The present study evaluated a T-maze apparatus as a sensitive and reliable measure of cognition and motor function of cats. Eighteen purpose-bred, specific-pathogen-free, male, neutered domestic shorthair cats (Felis catus), 1-2 years of age, were trained and tested to a T-maze protocol using food rewards. The test protocol consisted of positional discrimination training (left arm or right arm) to criterion followed by two discrimination reversal tests. The two reversal tests documented the ability of the subjects to respond to a new reward location, and switch arms of the T-maze. Data were collected on side preference, number of correct responses, and latency of responses by the subjects. Aided by a customized computer program (CanCog Technologies), data were recorded electronically as each cat progressed from the start box to the reward arm. The protocol facilitated rapid training to a high and consistent level of performance during the discrimination training. This learning was associated with a decrease in the latency to traverse the maze to a mean of 4.80 ± 0.87 s indicating strong motivation and consistent performance. When the rewarded side was reversed in the test phase, cats required more trials to reach criterion, as expected, but again showed reliable learning. The latency to reward in the first session of reversal increased 86% from the first to the last trial indicating that it may provide a useful index of cognitive processing. Latencies subsequently decreased as the new reversal paradigm was learned. This paradigm provides a relatively rapid and reliable test of cognitive motor performance that can be used in various settings for evaluation of feline cognitive and motor function.

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“…A modified T maze (Levine et al, 1987) was used to test spatial memory, cognitive learning capacity, and performance speed. The maze was constructed from Plexiglas measuring 4 feet wide by 5 feet long by 8 inches high (see Fig.…”

Section: Behavioral Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobehavioral Performance in Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Integrated Analysis of Viral Burden, Neuroinflammation, and Neuronal Injury in Cortex

Maingat

Vivithanaporn²,

Zhu³

et al. 2009

Journal of Neuroscience

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection causes motor and neurocognitive abnormalities affecting Ͼ50% of children and 20% of adults with HIV/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). The closely related lentivirus, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), also causes neurobehavioral deficits. Herein, we investigated the extent to which FIV infection affected specific motor and cognitive tasks in conjunction with viral burden and immune responses within the brain. Neonatal animals were infected with a neurovirulent FIV strain (FIV-Ch) and assessed in terms of systemic immune parameters, viral burden, neurobehavioral performance, and neuropathological features. FIV-infected animals displayed less weight gain and lower blood CD4 ϩ T-cell levels than mock-infected animals ( p Ͻ 0.05). Gait analyses disclosed greater gait width with increased variation in FIV-infected animals ( p Ͻ 0.05). Maze performance showed that FIV-infected animals were slower and made more navigational errors than mock-infected animals ( p Ͻ 0.05). In the object memory test, the FIV-infected group exhibited fewer successful steps with more trajectory errors compared with the mock-infected group ( p Ͻ 0.05). Performance on the gait, maze, and object memory tests was inversely correlated with F4/80 and CD3 expression ( p Ͻ 0.05) and with viral burden in parietal cortex ( p Ͻ 0.05). Amino acid analysis in cortex showed that D-serine levels were reduced in FIV-infected animals, which was accompanied by diminished kainate and AMPA receptor subunit expression ( p Ͻ 0.05). The neurobehavioral findings in FIV-infected animals were associated with increased gliosis and reduced cortical neuronal counts ( p Ͻ 0.05). The present studies indicated that specific motor and neurocognitive abilities were impaired in FIV infection and that these effects were closely coupled with viral burden, neuroinflammation, and neuronal loss.

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Sensory, motor and cognitive alterations in aged cats

Cited by 44 publications

References 47 publications

Size and Reversal Learning in the Beagle Dog as a Measure of Executive Function and Inhibitory Control in Aging

Size and Reversal Learning in the Beagle Dog as a Measure of Executive Function and Inhibitory Control in Aging

The use of a T-maze to measure cognitive–motor function in cats (Felis catus)

Neurobehavioral Performance in Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Integrated Analysis of Viral Burden, Neuroinflammation, and Neuronal Injury in Cortex

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