Sentinel community Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) surveillance in Scotland, April 2013 to March 2014

Banks, A.; Brown, D. J. F.; Mather, Henry; Coia, John; Wiuff, Camilla

doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.12.008

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Most prominent among binary toxin-negative strains were ST2/13(RT014/020), ST8(RT002), ST6(RT005/117), ST14/49(RT014), ST12/54/139(RT012) and ST3(RT001), consistent with several studies from Europe [18][19][20][21], Sweden [22,23], Scotland [24], the US [25][26][27], worldwide [28] and Australia [29]. ST2/13(RT014/020) accounted for 19.5% of all isolates, and several other studies have found this type predominant and often associated with a community acquired origin [27,29].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Sentinel surveillance and epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile in Denmark, 2016 to 2019

et al. 2022

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Background Since 2008, Danish national surveillance of Clostridioides difficile has focused on binary toxin-positive strains in order to monitor epidemic types such as PCR ribotype (RT) 027 and 078. Additional surveillance is needed to provide a more unbiased representation of all strains from the clinical reservoir. Aim Setting up a new sentinel surveillance scheme for an improved understanding of type distribution relative to time, geography and epidemiology, here presenting data from 2016 to 2019. Methods For 2─4 weeks in spring and autumn each year between 2016 and 2019, all 10 Danish Departments of Clinical Microbiology collected faecal samples containing toxigenic C. difficile. Isolates were typed at the national reference laboratory at Statens Serum Institut. The typing method in 2016–17 used tandem-repeat-sequence typing, while the typing method in 2018–19 was whole genome sequencing. Results During the study period, the sentinel surveillance scheme included ca 14–15% of all Danish cases of C. difficile infections. Binary toxin-negative strains accounted for 75% and 16 of the 20 most prevalent types. The most common sequence types (ST) were ST2/13 (RT014/020) (19.5%), ST1 (RT027) (10.8%), ST11 (RT078) (6.7%), ST8 (RT002) (6.6%) and ST6 (RT005/117) (5.1%). The data also highlighted geographical differences, mostly related to ST1 and temporal decline of ST1 (p = 0.0008) and the increase of ST103 (p = 0.002), ST17 (p = 0.004) and ST37 (p = 0.003), the latter three binary toxin-negative. Conclusion Sentinel surveillance allowed nationwide monitoring of geographical differences and temporal changes in C. difficile infections in Denmark, including emerging types, regardless of binary toxin status.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Sentinel surveillance and epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile in Denmark, 2016 to 2019

et al. 2022

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“…Under-ascertainment or under-reporting of CA-CDI may have contributed to the lower rates identified, as well as the lower density of individuals in the community who are at high-risk for CDI. In countries where research has been conducted, such as in the US and the UK, a substantial proportion of CDI cases that are acquired and have symptom onset in the community (20%-45% of all CDI are CA-CDI [1,2,75,263]). Understanding the burden of CA-CDI is important as these cases may be characterized by different risk factors, with a younger age group, presenting with less severe disease, and with less prior exposure to antimicrobials [121].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global burden of Clostridium difficile infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Balsells

Shi²,

Leese

et al. 2018

Journal of Global Health

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228

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BackgroundClostridium difficile is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in several countries. However, there are limited evidence characterizing its role as a global public health problem. We conducted a systematic review to provide a comprehensive overview of C. difficile infections (CDI) rates.MethodsSeven databases were searched (January 2016) to identify studies and surveillance reports published between 2005 and 2015 reporting CDI incidence rates. CDI incidence rates for health care facility-associated (HCF), hospital onset-health care facility-associated, medical or general intensive care unit (ICU), internal medicine (IM), long-term care facility (LTCF), and community-associated (CA) were extracted and standardized. Meta-analysis was conducted using a random effects model.Results229 publications, with data from 41 countries, were included. The overall rate of HCF-CDI was 2.24 (95% confidence interval CI = 1.66-3.03) per 1000 admissions/y and 3.54 (95%CI = 3.19-3.92) per 10 000 patient-days/y. Estimated rates for CDI with onset in ICU or IM wards were 11.08 (95%CI = 7.19-17.08) and 10.80 (95%CI = 3.15-37.06) per 1000 admission/y, respectively. Rates for CA-CDI were lower: 0.55 (95%CI = 0.13-2.37) per 1000 admissions/y. CDI rates were generally higher in North America and among the elderly but similar rates were identified in other regions and age groups.ConclusionsOur review highlights the widespread burden of disease of C. difficile, evidence gaps, and the need for sustainable surveillance of CDI in the health care setting and the community.

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“…Of note, the results are significant, especially in the era of the emergence of a hypervirulent strain of Clostridium difficile (North American Pulse Field, which is referred to as ribotype 027) [9]. Increased incidence has been reported all across the world from various international studies [10][11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in the Mortality Trend of Hospitalized Patients with Clostridium difficile Infection: A Nation-wide Study

Abdul

Bhandari

2020

Cureus

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Background According to the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), mortality in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has been rising since 2009, and an upward trend in mortality has been noted. Although there have been studies exploring the incidence of CDI and mortality in the national database, those studies were limited to one particular year. With the advent of newer modalities of diagnosis and treatment for CDI, the recent multiyear trend in disease-specific outcomes from large administrative databases is unknown.

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Sentinel community Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) surveillance in Scotland, April 2013 to March 2014

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Sentinel surveillance and epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile in Denmark, 2016 to 2019

Sentinel surveillance and epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile in Denmark, 2016 to 2019

Global burden of Clostridium difficile infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Change in the Mortality Trend of Hospitalized Patients with Clostridium difficile Infection: A Nation-wide Study

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