Septic tank mosquitoes: competition between species in central Nigeria

Irving-Bell, R. J.; Okoli, E. I.; Diyelong, D. Y.; Lyimo, E. O.; Onyia, O. C.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1987.tb00350.x

Cited by 28 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…1 U.S. gallon) emergence traps from 30–35 randomly selected STs per class. The emergence trap consisted of a 3.8‐L plastic container with a screen on top and a fabric sleeve on the side that was placed over and tied to vent pipes or used with funnels of varying widths placed over the opening of the ST (Irving‐Bell et al , 1987). Cracks and alternative exits were sealed to the best of our abilities so that mosquitoes could exit only into the trap.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 72%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Unusual productivity of Aedes aegypti in septic tanks and its implications for dengue control

Barrera

Amador

Diaz

et al. 2008

Medical Vet Entomology

137

122

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Increased DEN-2 virus transmission in Puerto Rico during 2005 prompted the implementation of a rapid intervention programme to suppress Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) emergence, which in turn lead to the discovery of previously unknown breeding sites underground. Initially, the following control measures were applied in Playa/Playita (PP), a town of 1,400 households, to all areas where the number of pupae per person exceeded the expected threshold for dengue transmission; all containers likely to be aquatic habitats were turned over and containers too large to turn were treated with 1 p.p.m. methoprene. The impact of these interventions was evaluated by comparing the number of resting adult mosquitoes (by backpack aspiration and sweepnetting in bedrooms) pre-intervention, with numbers at 3 and 5 weeks post-intervention, and by evaluating pupal density at 4 weeks post-intervention in PP and in a nearby town, Coqui (CO; 1500 households), which was not treated. The pre-intervention and post-intervention densities of resting Ae. aegypti adults were significantly larger in the intervention town, although the density of pupae in surface containers was low and similar in both towns at 4 weeks post-intervention. At 3 weeks post-intervention, the density of resting adults decreased by only 18% of pre-intervention levels, but returned to pre-intervention levels 5 weeks after treatment. By contrast, the density of resting adults in CO steadily decreased to 48% and 61%, at 3 and 5 weeks after the initial surveys, respectively. Geographical Information Systems identified significant clustering of adult mosquitoes, which led to the discovery of underground aquatic habitats (septic tanks) that were producing large numbers of Ae. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) in the treated town. We calculated that septic tanks could produce > 18 000 Ae. aegypti and approximately 170 000 Cx quinquefasciatus adults per day. Septic tanks are likely to be common and widespread in suburban and rural Puerto Rico, where, apparently, they can contribute significantly to the maintenance of island-wide dengue virus endemicity.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…The levels of Ae. aegypti productivity in STs reported here seem to be the largest ever reported (Irving‐Bell et al , 1987; Lyimo & Irving‐Bell 1988; Nwoke et al , 1993; Kay et al , 2000), and the first recorded in Puerto Rico. A single ST yielded 1449 Ae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unusual productivity of Aedes aegypti in septic tanks and its implications for dengue control

Barrera

Amador

Diaz

et al. 2008

Medical Vet Entomology

137

122

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…quinquefasciatus and other Culex spp. [70], or that the community may be responding to a third variable affecting abundance and/or biodiversity, for example, differential habitat suitability or insecticide resistance, that disproportionally favors invasive species over native species. Although this pattern is suggestive of a potential ameliorating effect of biodiversity on human health, further studies are necessary to distinguish the causal links underlying this pattern of biodiversity change.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquito Vector Diversity across Habitats in Central Thailand Endemic for Dengue and Other Arthropod-Borne Diseases

et al. 2013

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Recent years have seen the greatest ecological disturbances of our times, with global human expansion, species and habitat loss, climate change, and the emergence of new and previously-known infectious diseases. Biodiversity loss affects infectious disease risk by disrupting normal relationships between hosts and pathogens. Mosquito-borne pathogens respond to changing dynamics on multiple transmission levels and appear to increase in disturbed systems, yet current knowledge of mosquito diversity and the relative abundance of vectors as a function of habitat change is limited. We characterize mosquito communities across habitats with differing levels of anthropogenic ecological disturbance in central Thailand. During the 2008 rainy season, adult mosquito collections from 24 sites, representing 6 habitat types ranging from forest to urban, yielded 62,126 intact female mosquitoes (83,325 total mosquitoes) that were assigned to 109 taxa. Female mosquito abundance was highest in rice fields and lowest in forests. Diversity indices and rarefied species richness estimates indicate the mosquito fauna was more diverse in rural and less diverse in rice field habitats, while extrapolated estimates of true richness (Chao1 and ACE) indicated higher diversity in the forest and fragmented forest habitats and lower diversity in the urban. Culex sp. (Vishnui subgroup) was the most common taxon found overall and the most frequent in fragmented forest, rice field, rural, and suburban habitats. The distributions of species of medical importance differed significantly across habitat types and were always lowest in the intact, forest habitat. The relative abundance of key vector species, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, was negatively correlated with diversity, suggesting that direct species interactions and/or habitat-mediated factors differentially affecting invasive disease vectors may be important mechanisms linking biodiversity loss to human health. Our results are an important first step for understanding the dynamics of mosquito vector distributions under changing environmental features across landscapes of Thailand.

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“…However, subsequent studies have noted adult Ae. aegypti mosquitoes exiting from septic tanks in Nigeria and from emergence traps on actively used septic tanks in southeastern Puerto Rico (Irving‐Bell et al , 1987; Lyimo & Irving‐Bell, 1988; Barrera et al , 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Septic tanks as larval habitats for the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus in Playa-Playita, Puerto Rico

Burke

Barrera

Lewis

et al. 2010

Medical and Veterinary Entomology

100

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Adult Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) were previously recovered from emergence traps on septic tanks in southeastern Puerto Rico. In this study we quantified immature mosquito abundance and its relationship with structural variables of the septic tanks and chemical properties of the water containing raw sewage. A miniaturized floating funnel trap was used to sample 89 septic tanks for larvae in the Puerto Rican community of Playa-Playita. Aedes aegypti larvae were recovered from 18% of the sampled tanks (10.3 larvae per septic tank per day). Larval presence was positively associated with cracking of the septic tank walls and uncovered access ports. Larval abundance was positively associated with cracking of the septic tank walls and larger tank surface areas, and inversely associated with the total dissolved solids (TDS). Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) larvae were also recovered from 74% of the septic tanks (129.6 larvae per septic tank per day). Larval presence was negatively associated with TDS in the water and larval abundance was positively associated with cracking of the septic tank walls. A screened, plastic emergence trap was used to sample 93 septic tanks within the community for Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus adults. Aedes aegypti adults were recovered from 49% of the sampled tanks (8.7 adults per septic tank per day) and Cx. quinquefasciatus adults were recovered from 97% of the sampled tanks (155.5 adults per septic tank per day). Aedes aegypti adult presence was positively associated with cracking, uncapped openings and septic water pH. The Ae. aegypti adult counts were positively associated with cracking and inversely associated with TDS and conductivity. This study marks the first published record of the recovery of Ae. aegypti larvae from holding tanks containing raw sewage in the Caribbean region. Our study indicates that Ae. aegypti larvae are present in sewage water and that septic tanks have at least the potential to maintain dengue transmission during the dry season.

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Septic tank mosquitoes: competition between species in central Nigeria

Cited by 28 publications

References 16 publications

Unusual productivity of Aedes aegypti in septic tanks and its implications for dengue control

Unusual productivity of Aedes aegypti in septic tanks and its implications for dengue control

Mosquito Vector Diversity across Habitats in Central Thailand Endemic for Dengue and Other Arthropod-Borne Diseases

Septic tanks as larval habitats for the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus in Playa-Playita, Puerto Rico

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