The effects of high-energy radiation on pre- and neonatal development, the adult nervous system, learning and performance, and sensory functions are described. Though the number of available studies are few, there is evidence to suggest that: (1) the adult nervous system is relatively radioresistant; (2) learning functions are relatively unaffected by lethal or sublethal dosages of radiation; (3) hearing acuity and thresholds to dark adaptation increase as a result of radiation; and (4) the fetal nervous system is relatively radiosensitive. There is a need for more studies assessing the behavioral effects of radiation. 70-item bibliography.