Sequences and Polymorphisms of the Canine Monoamine Transporter Genes SLC6A2, SLC6A3, and SLC6A4 among Five Dog Breeds

Arata, Sayaka; Ogata, Niwako; Shimozuru, Michito; Takeuchi, Yukari; Mori, Yuji

doi:10.1292/jvms.70.971

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Alleles containing one repeat copy were less frequent than were alleles containing two copies; when Belgian Malinois were removed from analysis, there was no longer a difference in genotype distributions across breeds . Breed‐dependent variability within SLC6A3 has been supported by other studies, although sequencing efforts specifically targeting canine SLC6A3 have emphasized either VNTRs or coding regions . However, intronic variability has been increasingly associated with functional consequences, and SLC6A3 variability across breeds, even closely related breeds, has been reported .…”

Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Breed‐dependent variability within SLC6A3 has been supported by other studies, although sequencing efforts specifically targeting canine SLC6A3 have emphasized either VNTRs or coding regions . However, intronic variability has been increasingly associated with functional consequences, and SLC6A3 variability across breeds, even closely related breeds, has been reported . Moreover, frequency differences for DAT‐VNTR in Belgian Malinois suggest that the Belgian Malinois may demonstrate additional, novel variability that could be useful in future behavioral genetic investigations.…”

Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…In addition, we sequenced one Belgian Tervuren with DAT‐VNTR genotype 2/2 (Table S1). Forward and reverse PCR primers were designed using Ensembl sequence B6EUL3_CANFA to capture exons previously identified and four additional putative exons identified in that sequence (Table S2). To investigate whether SNPs on the Illumina Canine HD Whole Genome Genotyping BeadChip that flank DAT‐VNTR would be informative for the DAT‐VNTR genotype, additional sequencing reactions were designed to interrogate these SNPs using one Malinois of each DAT‐VNTR genotype (Table S2).…”

Section: Sequencingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dopamine transporter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Belgian Malinois dogs

et al. 2013

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Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Sequencingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dopamine transporter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Belgian Malinois dogs

et al. 2013

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“…In dogs, DAT is located at canine chromosome 34: chr34:11209118–11245456 (NM_001136500, Broad CanFam3.1/canFam3) [29], and has 18 exons and two reported transcripts [30-32]. Frequency of a 38-base pair VNTR (DAT-VNTR) in canine DAT has been evaluated for association with behavior in the Belgian Tervuren breed (Tervuren) [33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of a dopamine transporter polymorphism and behavior in Belgian Malinois

et al. 2013

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BackgroundThe Belgian Malinois dog breed (MAL) is frequently used in law enforcement and military environments. Owners have reported seizures and unpredictable behavioral changes including dogs’ eyes “glazing over,” dogs’ lack of response to environmental stimuli, and loss of behavioral inhibition including owner-directed biting behavior. Dogs with severe behavioral changes may be euthanized as they can represent a danger to humans and other dogs. In the dog, the dopamine transporter gene (DAT) contains a 38-base pair variable number tandem repeat (DAT-VNTR); alleles have either one or two copies of the 38-base pair sequence. The objective of this study was to assess frequency of DAT-VNTR alleles, and characterize the association between DAT-VNTR alleles and behavior in MAL and other breeds.ResultsIn an American sample of 280 dogs comprising 26 breeds, most breeds are predominantly homozygous for the DAT-VNTR two-tandem-repeat allele (2/2). The one-tandem-repeat allele is over-represented in American MAL (AM-MAL) (n = 144), both as heterozygotes (1/2) and homozygotes (1/1). All AM-MAL with reported seizures (n = 5) were 1/1 genotype. For AM-MAL with at least one “1” allele (1/1 or 1/2 genotype, n = 121), owners reported higher levels of attention, increased frequency of episodic aggression, and increased frequency of loss of responsiveness to environmental stimuli. In behavior observations, Belgian Military Working Dogs (MWD) with 1/1 or 1/2 genotypes displayed fewer distracted behaviors and more stress-related behaviors such as lower posture and increased yawning. Handlers’ treatment of MWD varied with DAT-VNTR genotype as did dogs’ responses to handlers’ behavior. For 1/1 or 1/2 genotype MWD, 1) lower posture after the first aversive stimulus given by handlers was associated with poorer obedience performance; 2) increased aversive stimuli during protection exercises were associated with decreased performance; 3) more aversive stimuli during obedience were associated with more aversive stimuli during protection; and 4) handlers used more aversive stimuli in protection compared with obedience exercises.ConclusionsThe single copy allele of DAT-VNTR is associated with owner-reported seizures, loss of responsiveness to environmental stimuli, episodic aggression, and hyper-vigilance in MAL. Behavioral changes are associated with differential treatment by handlers. Findings should be considered preliminary until replicated in a larger sample.

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“…Finally, computer analysis systems have been developed to analyze any type of SNP (6,11). SNP-based analyses have been used to assess many individual genetic characteristics in canines, including coat variation (12), behavior (13)(14)(15), and sensitive traits such as smell (16). The Jindo dog originated on Jindo Island in Korea and is protected as Korea's 53rd natural monument.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional analysis of expressed sequence tags from the liver and brain of Korean Jindo dogs

Kim

Park²,

Lim³

et al. 2011

BMB Reports

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We generated 16,993 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from two libraries containing full-length cDNAs from the brain and liver of the Korean Jindo dog. An additional 365,909 ESTs from other dog breeds were identified from the NCBI dbEST database, and all ESTs were clustered into 28,514 consensus sequences using StackPack. We selected the 7,305 consensus sequences that could be assembled from at least five ESTs and estimated that 12,533 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were present in 97,835 putative SNPs from the 7,305 consensus sequences. We identified 58 Jindo dog-specific SNPs in comparison to other breeds and predicted seven synonymous SNPs and ten non-synonymous SNPs. Using PolyPhen, a program that predicts changes in protein structure and potential effects on protein function caused by amino acid substitutions, three of the non-synonymous SNPs were predicted to result in changes in protein function for proteins expressed by three different genes (TUSC3, ITIH2, and NAT2). [BMB reports 2011; 44(4): 238-243]

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Sequences and Polymorphisms of the Canine Monoamine Transporter Genes SLC6A2, SLC6A3, and SLC6A4 among Five Dog Breeds

Cited by 5 publications

References 29 publications

Dopamine transporter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Belgian Malinois dogs

Dopamine transporter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Belgian Malinois dogs

Characterization of a dopamine transporter polymorphism and behavior in Belgian Malinois

Functional analysis of expressed sequence tags from the liver and brain of Korean Jindo dogs

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