Serological methods used for rabies post vaccination surveys: An analysis

Benedictis, Paola De; Mancin, Marzia; Cattoli, Giovanni; Capua, Ilaria; Terrregino, Calogero

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.089

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…However, considering the uncertainty in the fox ecology means this needs to be more thoroughly tested before any drop in vaccination coverage is implemented. In the Italian setting, the wide geographical coverage and high proportion of foxes immunised [42], [44] appears to have played an important role in the control of the rabies epidemic and this offers hope concerning the feasibility of elimination of fox rabies in the wild, and its benefit in term of wildlife conservation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oral fox vaccination programs are currently still being implemented. To monitor the impact of the 2009–2010 campaigns on fox populations, foxes were sampled following vaccination and were tested through fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test: a fox was considered protected if the test detected an antibody titre ≥0.5 IU/ml [40], [44]. For this reason, the number of culled foxes and consequently the total number of samples submitted to the laboratory for analysis increased considerably since late 2009 and throughout 2010.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rabies and Canine Distemper Virus Epidemics in the Red Fox Population of Northern Italy (2006–2010)

et al. 2013

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Since 2006 the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population in north-eastern Italy has experienced an epidemic of canine distemper virus (CDV). Additionally, in 2008, after a thirteen-year absence from Italy, fox rabies was re-introduced in the Udine province at the national border with Slovenia. Disease intervention strategies are being developed and implemented to control rabies in this area and minimise risk to human health. Here we present empirical data and the epidemiological picture relating to these epidemics in the period 2006–2010. Of important significance for epidemiological studies of wild animals, basic mathematical models are developed to exploit information collected from the surveillance program on dead and/or living animals in order to assess the incidence of infection. These models are also used to estimate the rate of transmission of both diseases and the rate of vaccination, while correcting for a bias in early collection of CDV samples. We found that the rate of rabies transmission was roughly twice that of CDV, with an estimated effective contact between infected and susceptible fox leading to a new infection occurring once every 3 days for rabies, and once a week for CDV. We also inferred that during the early stage of the CDV epidemic, a bias in the monitoring protocol resulted in a positive sample being almost 10 times more likely to be collected than a negative sample. We estimated the rate of intake of oral vaccine at 0.006 per day, allowing us to estimate that roughly 68% of the foxes would be immunised. This was confirmed by field observations. Finally we discuss the implications for the eco-epidemiological dynamics of both epidemics in relation to control measures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabies and Canine Distemper Virus Epidemics in the Red Fox Population of Northern Italy (2006–2010)

et al. 2013

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“…The long delay between animal shooting and cadaver sampling explains that blood samples collected are, in most cases, 'body fluids' which are cytotoxic for the cells used for quantitation of the specific antibodies (De Benedictis et al, 2012;Bedekovic et al, 2013;Wasniewski et al, 2014b). The entire animal cadavers are often brought to the veterinary services or to the laboratory without blood having previously been sampled.…”

Section: Fox Immunity/raccoon Dog Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on oral vaccination of foxes and raccoon dogs against rabies

2015

EFS2

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An assessment of a report issued by the European Commission in 2002 is presented about the oral vaccination of foxes against rabies, as well as additional topics such as the rabies aetiology and its occurrence in Europe, the target species for oral vaccination, i.e. foxes and raccoon dogs, the oral vaccines available and their thermostability, rabies surveillance and monitoring, and the recent international guidelines for rabies surveillance are discussed. Foxes are the only known reservoir for rabies in Europe, and raccoon dogs are important transmitters, while other carnivores play a less important epidemiological role. The demographic expansion of raccoon dogs and their movements after hibernation are risk factors for rabies recurrence. The combined densities of foxes and raccoon dogs, which often share the same habitats, could allow rabies epizootics to persist. The epidemiological role and the pathogenesis of rabies in raccoon dogs and other carnivores must still be clarified. Four vaccines are authorised in the EU and their effectiveness is proven to successfully contribute to rabies elimination. Experimental and field evidence shows that climatic and weather conditions may impact on bait casings and vaccine stability. Data on the stability of vaccine baits under different field conditions should be provided. It is recommended that bait should keep its integrity at the release point. Because of bait stability issues, the season most appropriate for implementing oral rabies vaccination or a heat-stable vaccine should be considered. Rabies surveillance and monitoring of vaccination, based on assessment of bait uptake and seroconversion in host species, are important tools for the evaluation and adjustment of vaccination campaigns, although alternatives to tetracyclines as biomarkers should be developed. Oral immunisation by vaccine baits has proven to be successful in eliminating terrestrial wildlife rabies, but long-term strategy, temporal continuity of vaccination and cross-border cooperation are needed and recommended. Acknowledgements:The Panel wishes to thank Florence Cliquet, Paola De Benedictis, Kaarina Kauhala, Edvīns Oļševskis, Liisa Sihvonen (Chair) and Marcin Smreczak for the preparatory work on this scientific output, the hearing expert Thomas Müller and EFSA staff members Alessandro Broglia and Marianne Carson for the support provided to this scientific output. Suggested citation: EFSA AHAW Panel (EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare), 2015. Scientific opinion -Update on oral vaccination of foxes and raccoon dogs against rabies.

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“…Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) programs targeting the red fox are currently carried out in whole territories or selected regions of 12 European Union (EU) Member States, and in neighbouring countries such as Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and in the Western Balkans (De Benedictis et al 2012). Monitoring of vaccination is recommended in order to assess the effectiveness of ORV campaigns in the field.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditionally, recommended serological methods include the rapid fluorescent foci inhibition test (RFFIT) (Smith et al 1996) and the fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation test (FAVN) (Cliquet et al 1998). In addition, several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) have also been developed to detect rabies-specific antibodies in animals, and most of them have been validated for their applicability with wildlife samples (Cliquet et al 2003;Servat et al 2008;De Benedictis et al 2012). In 2010, eight out of the 11 EU countries implementing ORV programs adopted an ELISA method to monitor vaccine efficacy, with two using RFFIT and one using FAVN as gold-standards for comparison (De Benedictis et al 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The field efficiency of oral rabies vaccination in the Lithuanian red fox population from 2006 to 2013

Zienius¹,

Pridotkas²,

Jacevičienė³

et al. 2014

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy of an oral rabies vaccination (ORV) program in the period from 2006 to 2013 based on epidemiological data (Incidence of confirmed rabies in red foxes), biological marker evaluation (presence of tetracycline [TTC] indicating bait uptake), and the assessment of seroconversion (based on ELISA for rabies antibodies) in red foxes in Lithuania. Results were compared between juvenile and adult red foxes, and between the spring (March to May) and autumn (October to December) campaigns. On average, 20 baits/km 2 were distributed over the entire territory of Lithuania. During the entire period

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Serological methods used for rabies post vaccination surveys: An analysis

Cited by 21 publications

References 9 publications

Rabies and Canine Distemper Virus Epidemics in the Red Fox Population of Northern Italy (2006–2010)

Rabies and Canine Distemper Virus Epidemics in the Red Fox Population of Northern Italy (2006–2010)

Update on oral vaccination of foxes and raccoon dogs against rabies

The field efficiency of oral rabies vaccination in the Lithuanian red fox population from 2006 to 2013

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