Serotype 3 Is Most Common Hepatitis C Serotype in Pakistan: However, Significant Numbers Are Untypeable

Khokhar, Nasir; Asif, Naveed; Khokhar, Omar

doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50260

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…From different studies conducted in different parts of Iran, it generally could be concluded that genotypes 1a and 3a are the most prevalent in Iran while 1b and 2 are less frequent and other genotypes are rare [9,15]. A similarity has been reported between Iran and both Pakistan and India, in which genotype 3 is very prevalent and genotype 2 is rare [16,17]. It could be due to the high rate of immigration from these countries to Iran, especially when considering the fact that the prevalence of HCV infection in these countries is higher than in Iran.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis C virus genotype frequency in Isfahan province of Iran: a descriptive cross-sectional study

Zarkesh-Esfahani

Kardi

Edalati

2010

Virol J

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Background: Hepatitis C is an infectious disease affecting the liver, caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The hepatitis C virus is a small, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNA virus with a large genetic heterogeneity. Isolates have been classified into at least eleven major genotypes, based on a nucleotide sequence divergence of 30-35%. Genotypes 1, 2 and 3 circulate around the world, while other genotypes are mainly restricted to determined geographical areas. Genotype determination of HCV is clinically valuable as it provides important information which can be used to determine the type and duration of therapy and to predict the outcome of the disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis C virus genotype frequency in Isfahan province of Iran: a descriptive cross-sectional study

Zarkesh-Esfahani

Kardi

Edalati

2010

Virol J

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“…Gradients of oxygen are standard byproducts of cellular metabolism found throughout every tissue and across all organisms. These gradients of oxygen are increasingly highlighted as crucial metabolic regulators when studying drug toxicity [3], [4], the hematopoietic stem cell niche [5], plant biology [6], [7], liver zonation [8], [9], and throughout developmental biology [10], [11]. Intermittent hypoxia, or cycling oxygenation, has been shown to be important in a number of pathological conditions, such as in sleep apnea [12] and tumor development [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the device fails to satisfy the needs of biomedical researchers to efficiently modulate oxygen tensions rapidly and over multiple conditions as a separate chamber is required per condition. Several groups have developed devices for controlling the oxygen tension experienced by cell cultures that are aimed to improve upon the hypoxic chamber [3], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21]. Despite advancements in system equilibration time and the ability to establish oxygen gradients, many of these devices require very specific parameters for operation, including the need for complex fluid handling and often times electric controls [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulating Temporal and Spatial Oxygenation over Adherent Cellular Cultures

et al. 2009

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Oxygen is a key modulator of many cellular pathways, but current devices permitting in vitro oxygen modulation fail to meet the needs of biomedical research. A microfabricated insert for multiwell plates has been developed to more effectively control the temporal and spatial oxygen concentration to better model physiological phenomena found in vivo. The platform consists of a polydimethylsiloxane insert that nests into a standard multiwell plate and serves as a passive microfluidic gas network with a gas-permeable membrane aimed to modulate oxygen delivery to adherent cells. Equilibration time is on the order of minutes and a wide variety of oxygen profiles can be attained based on the device design, such as the cyclic profile achieved in this study, and even oxygen gradients to mimic those found in vivo. The proper biological consequences of the device's oxygen delivery were confirmed in cellular models via a proliferation assay and western analysis of the upregulation of hypoxia inducible transcription factor-1α. These experiments serve as a demonstration for the platform as a viable tool to increase experimental throughput and permit novel experimental possibilities in any biomedical research lab.

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“…In the present study four different genotypes have been revealed among five HCV positive samples resistant to IFN while two samples remained without recognized genotypes. Genotype 3 is prevalent is Pakistan [27][28] and the increase in the number of genotype 3 (a and b) patients along the time in Pakistani population have been observed by various scientists [29][30]. Present study demonstrates that genotype 3 (a and b), 4a, and genotype 6e do not respond to IFN therapy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Different domains of core perform different functions like siRNA predicted against all the genotypes (3a, 4a and 3b) positioned at N-terminal from 13-35 nucleotides contains RNA and DNA binding domain [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][54]. N- Terminal of core induces apoptosis and necrosis higher than those of C-terminal [55].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis C Viral Heterogeneity Based on Core Gene and an Attempt to Design Small Interfering RNA Against Strains Resistant to Interferon in Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Kanwal

Mahmood²

2012

Hepat Mon

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Background Global prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection corresponds to about 130 million HCV positive patients worldwide. The only drug that effectively reduces viral load is interferon-α (IFN-α) and currently combination of IFN and ribavirin is the choice for treatment. Objectives The present study is aimed to resolve the genotypes based on core gene that might affect the response to interferon therapy. Furthermore an attempt was made to propose a powerful therapeutic approach by designing the siRNA from sequences of the same patients who remain resistant to IFN in this study. Patients and Methods To achieve the objectives, a sequence analysis was performed in five HCV ELISA positive subjects who have completed IFN treatment. Neighbor Joining (NJ) method was used to study the evolutionary relationship. Atomic models were predicted using online software PROCHECK and i- TASSER. Results Two new genotypes were reported for the first time namely 4a from suburban region of Rawalpindi and 6e from all over the Pakistan. According to Ramachandran plot, satisfactory atomic model was considered useful for further studies, i.e. to calculate HCV genotypes conservation at structural level, to find out critical binding sites for drug designing, or to silence those binding sites by using appropriate siRNA. Single siRNA can be used to inhibit HCV RNA synthesis against genotype 3 and 4, as the predicted siRNA were originated from the same domain in studied HCV core region in both genotypes. Conclusions We can conclude that any change or mutation in core region might be the cause of HCV strains to resist against IFN therapy. Therefore, further understanding of the complex mechanism involved in disrupting viral response to therapy would facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic regimens. Additionally, a single designed siRNA can be used as an alternative for current therapy against more than one resistant HCV genotypes.

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Serotype 3 Is Most Common Hepatitis C Serotype in Pakistan: However, Significant Numbers Are Untypeable

Cited by 16 publications

References 5 publications

Hepatitis C virus genotype frequency in Isfahan province of Iran: a descriptive cross-sectional study

Hepatitis C virus genotype frequency in Isfahan province of Iran: a descriptive cross-sectional study

Modulating Temporal and Spatial Oxygenation over Adherent Cellular Cultures

Hepatitis C Viral Heterogeneity Based on Core Gene and an Attempt to Design Small Interfering RNA Against Strains Resistant to Interferon in Rawalpindi, Pakistan

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