Serotypes, virulence factors, antibiotic sensitivity, beta-lactamase activity and plasmid analysis of Salmonella from children with diarrhea in Tripoli (Libya)

El-Ghodban, Abdelmula; Ghenghesh, Khalifa Sifaw; Màrialigeti, Károly; Abeid, Salaheddin

doi:10.1556/amicr.49.2002.4.2

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…48,49 High rates of resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents (resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics) by enteric pathogenic were previously reported from Libya. 12,50,51 Similarly, a high percentage of multiple-drug-resistance was identified among the bacterial pathogens examined in this work. Moreover, we found almost two-thirds of Salmonella isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, a rate that was unexpected because previous studies from Libya reported fluoroquinolones susceptibility of all salmonellae isolated from diarrheic children.…”

Section: Diarrhea In Libyan Childrensupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Moreover, we found almost two-thirds of Salmonella isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, a rate that was unexpected because previous studies from Libya reported fluoroquinolones susceptibility of all salmonellae isolated from diarrheic children. 12,50 Although nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin are not used routinely in the treatment of childhood infectious diarrhea in Tripoli hospitals (Dr. Suhila O. Almbrok, Al-Jala Children Hospital, Tripoli, personnel communication), this finding represents a serious health problem because fluoroquinolones are the drugs of choice in the treatment of salmonellosis and other infectious syndromes (e.g., urinary tract infections) in adults; in particular, a high rate of resistance to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole is observed among isolates recovered. 52 -54 Ciprofloxacin is licensed for use both in animals and humans in some developing countries and in Libya antimicrobials, including the fluoroquinolones, are available to the public without the need for medical prescription.…”

Section: -26mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enteric Pathogens Associated with Childhood Diarrhea in Tripoli-Libya

Rahouma

Klena²,

Krema³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Stool samples from children < 5 years of age with diarrhea ( N = 239) were examined for enteric pathogens using a combination of culture, enzyme-immunoassay, and polymerase chain reaction methods. Pathogens were detected in 122 (51%) stool samples; single pathogens were detected in 37.2% and co-pathogens in 13.8% of samples. Norovirus, rotavirus, and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) were the most frequently detected pathogens (15.5%, 13.4%, and 11.2%, respectively); Salmonella , adenovirus, and Aeromonas were detected less frequently (7.9%, 7.1%, and 4.2%). The most commonly detected DEC was enteroaggregative E. coli (5.4%). Resistance to ≥ 3 antimicrobials was observed in 60% (18/30) of the bacterial pathogens. Salmonella resistance to ciprofloxacin (63.1%) has become a concern . Enteric viral pathogens were the most significant causative agents of childhood diarrhea in Tripoli. Bacterial pathogens were also important contributors to pediatric diarrhea. The emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella represents a serious health problem that must be addressed by Libyan health authorities * Address correspondence to Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Alfateh University, Tripoli, Libya. E-mail: ghenghesh@yahoo.com 887 DIARRHEA IN LIBYAN CHILDREN VA) were used to detect antigens of Cryptosporidium , Entamoeba histolytica , and Giardia lamblia in all specimens.Epi Info, version 3.5.1 software (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA) was used to analyze the data. P values were calculated using the χ 2 test; P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTSEnteric pathogens were detected in 122 (51%) stool samples examined; single pathogens in 37.2%, and multiple pathogens in 13.9% ( Table 2 ). The most common pathogens detected were enteric viruses (82/239; 34.3%) followed by bacterial pathogens (64/239; 26.8%); parasitic pathogens (10/239; 4.2%) were the minority of detected pathogens.Overall, the most common individual pathogens detected were norovirus, rotavirus, and DEC. Among the DEC, pCVD432 (EAggEC) predominated at 5.4% (13/239) followed by eaeA (EPEC/EHEC) at 4.6% (11/239). No est and eltB genes (ETEC) were detected in this work. Salmonella species were detected in 7.9%; the majority of these were group C2. Cryptosporidium was the primary parasitic diarrheal pathogen detected (2.1%) ( Table 2 ).Total enteric pathogens were detected more frequently among diarrheic children ≤ 2 years of age (55.2%, 100/181; P < 0.03, odds ratio [OR] = 2.02) compared with children > 2 years of age (37.9%, 22/58). Although total enteric pathogens were detected at a higher rate in male (54%, 74/137) than in female (47.1%, 48/102) diarrheic children, the difference was not statistically significant ( P > 0.05).Of the 239 diarrheic children included in the study 202 (84.5%) had vomiting, 176 (73.6%) had fever, and 82 (34.3%) had dehydration. Vomiting, fever, and dehydration were significantly associated with children ≤ 2 years o...

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Section: Diarrhea In Libyan Childrensupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: -26mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteric Pathogens Associated with Childhood Diarrhea in Tripoli-Libya

Rahouma

Klena²,

Krema³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…During the period 1990–1999, more than 40% of Salmonella and Shigella from children with diarrhea were resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (3, 8). Similar findings were reported for Salmonella from Benghazi (4).…”

Section: Salmonella and Shigellamentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial resistance in Libya: 1970–2011

Ghenghesh

Rahouma

Tawil

et al. 2013

Libyan Journal of Medicine

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Resistance to antimicrobial agents is a major health problem that affects the whole world. Providing information on the past state of antimicrobial resistance in Libya may assist the health authorities in addressing the problem more effectively in the future. Information was obtained mainly from Highwire Press (including PubMed) search for the period 1970–2011 using the terms ‘antibiotic resistance in Libya’, ‘antimicrobial resistance in Libya’, ‘tuberculosis in Libya’, and ‘primary and acquired resistance in Libya’ in title and abstract. From 1970 to 2011 little data was available on antimicrobial resistance in Libya due to lack of surveillance and few published studies. Available data shows high resistance rates for Salmonella species in the late 1970s and has remained high to the present day. High prevalence rates (54–68%) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were reported in the last decade among S. aureus from patients with burns and surgical wound infections. No reports were found of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) or vancomycin-intermediate-resistant S. aureus (VISA) using standard methods from Libya up to the end of 2011. Reported rates of primary (i.e. new cases) and acquired (i.e. retreatment cases) multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) from the eastern region of Libya in 1971 were 16.6 and 33.3% and in 1976 were 8.6 and 14.7%, in western regions in 1984–1986 were 11 and 21.5% and in the whole country in 2011 were estimated at 3.4 and 29%, respectively. The problem of antibiotic resistance is very serious in Libya. The health authorities in particular and society in general should address this problem urgently. Establishing monitoring systems based on the routine testing of antimicrobial sensitivity and education of healthcare workers, pharmacists, and the community on the health risks associated with the problem and benefits of prudent use of antimicrobials are some steps that can be taken to tackle the problem in the future.

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“…According to the Information System of Public Health Laboratory in USA (1968USA ( -1998, the mean number of cases of human salmonellosis was 43 per year and in 2001 Salmonella Kottbus infection was observed in 23 people who had eaten alfafa sprouts (CENTER OF DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION, 2002). In Lybia, a multi-drug resistant strain of S. Kottbus was among 21 Salmonella strains isolated from 16 children with diarrhea (El_Ghodban et al, 2002). According to Nelius et al (1969), most Salmonella infections remain as enteric diseases, however, S. Kottbus may cause septicemia that is often related to immunodeficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental infection by Salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar kottbus in day-old broiler chickens

Ribeiro

Berchieri

Orsi

et al. 2005

Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic.

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We previously described Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates harboring a chromosomal gene cluster similar to the glutathione S-transferase gene, a putative fosA gene conferring resistance to fosfomycin. Here, we show that this new gene, named fosA7, confers resistance to fosfomycin. The introduction of fosA7 into the fosfomycin-susceptible Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis resulted in a substantial increase in the fosfomycin MIC. This finding increases the awareness of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Heidelberg from broilers as related to the food safety and public health.

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Serotypes, virulence factors, antibiotic sensitivity, beta-lactamase activity and plasmid analysis of Salmonella from children with diarrhea in Tripoli (Libya)

Cited by 4 publications

References 35 publications

Enteric Pathogens Associated with Childhood Diarrhea in Tripoli-Libya

Enteric Pathogens Associated with Childhood Diarrhea in Tripoli-Libya

Antimicrobial resistance in Libya: 1970–2011

Experimental infection by Salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar kottbus in day-old broiler chickens

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