Serum Electrolytes Disturbances in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Abstract

Introduction: Type II diabetes mellitus is considered as a global epidemic that can lead to the complication related to renal, retinal and vascular system. Measurement of ions like sodium, potassium and chloride can be useful as a marker for the patient’s susceptibility to develop diabetes related complications. Thus, our study focuses on observing the electrolyte imbalances in type II diabetes patients. Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study conducted at Star Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal. A total of 400 (200 type II diabetic and 200 healthy subjects) participants were enrolled. Blood sample was collected and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was measured by glucose oxidase-peroxidase method and serum sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-) were measured by ion selective electrode method. Results: In type 2 diabetic patients serum sodium was decreased while potassium and chloride was found to be increased than healthy subjects. We found negative correlation between fasting plasma glucose and sodium (r= -0.36, p= 0.001). On the other hand positive correlation was found between fasting plasma glucose with potassium and chloride (r=0.194, p=0.006 and r= 0.36, p=0.001) respectively. Conclusion: The serum sodium was found to be decreased with the rise in fasting plasma glucose. On the flip side, serum potassium and chloride was increased with the increase in fasting plasma glucose level. Therefore management of type 2 diabetes must include electrolyte profile test to monitor increase or decrease of electrolyte concentration to prevent the patient’s risk of developing the diabetes associated complications. Key words: Diabetes mellitus, electrolytes, glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride.

Comparative study of aqueous, methanol and petroleum ether extracts of unripe Carica papaya seed on liver and kidney function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

“…The significant increase in Na + concentration observed in treated groups from our study may be due to its ability to stimulate glucose excretion by increase the rate of filtration and preventing the reabsorption of glucose in the renal tubular cells of the kidneys 47,59,60 . Glucose being an osmotically active substance may therefore cause more water to be excreted through the kidney therefore, elevating the concentration of Na + in the blood serum 53 .…”

“…Electrolytes in the serum are crucial in metabolic activities, systematic operation of cells and enzymes, and concentration gradient 46,47 . Serum concentration of electrolytes have been shown to change with plasma glucose levels.…”

Comparative Evaluation of Plasma Lipid Profile and Electrolytes in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Individuals Attending Healthcare Checkup in Everight Laboratory in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

“…Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease of global concern, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia (abnormally high blood sugar) which is triggered by defective insulin production, insulin action, or a combination of both (insulin resistance) [1]. Diabetes mellitus is one of the major causes of diseases like dyslipidemia, renal failure, electrolyte disorder and imbalances, blood vessel degeneration, and cardiovascular diseases [1,2]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2022, it was reported that an estimated 2 million deaths in 2019 were caused by diabetes and diabetes-induced kidney disease [3].…”

“…Electrolyte imbalances resulting from kidney failure, dehydration, fever, and vomiting have been suggested as one of the factors that contribute to complications of diabetes and other endocrine disorders. [1,10]. Potassium is known for neuromuscular sensitivity, cardiac action, acid-base equilibrium, and as a co-factor for the enzyme pyruvate kinase.…”