Serum Endocan Levels are Associated With Paraoxonase 1 Concentration in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract

Endocan is a soluble proteoglycan released by the vascular endothelium. The increase of its serum levels is associated with inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We studied the association of serum endocan with the lipid profile of 105 CKD patients with dyslipidemia, divided in two groups, non-dialyzed (CKD, N = 57) and hemodialysis (HD, N = 48) in comparison with 30 normal controls (NC). We also analyzed endocan in relation with the concentration of two serum HDL-linked members of the paraoxonase (PON) family, PON1 and PON3, which have been previously found to have antiatherogenic properties. The results showed that endocan levels were significantly higher in HD patients than in CKD patients (P < 0.001) and NC (P < 0.001). PON1 was significantly decreased only in HD patients compared to NC (P < 0.001), whereas PON3 was significantly increased in both patient groups (P < 0.001). Endocan levels were significantly and positively correlated with total cholesterol and LDL-C in CKD and additionally were negatively correlated with HDL-C in HD group. PON1 levels were significantly correlated with endocan in both groups, while no correlation was observed for PON3 in either group. Multiple regression analysis between endocan and the above lipid parameters in the total of patients revealed that endocan was independently associated only with PON1 (β = -0.513, P = 0.002). It is concluded that the increase of serum endocan levels in patients with CKD may be associated with the decrease of PON1 concentration, irrespective of lipid alterations produced by atherosclerosis development.

Endothelial Cell-Specific Molecule 1 Promotes Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Renal Fibrosis

“…Su et al observed that serum ESM1 levels may reflect the degree of chronic renal allograft injury, and there in vitro study showed that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induces high expression of ESM1 and Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells [ 25 ]. Samouilidou et al found that a high level of serum ESM1 was positively associated with low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol, and downregulation of paraoxonase (PON) in CKD patients [ 26 ]. In non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients (stage 5), circadian heart rate variability correlates positively with serum ESM1 concentration [ 27 ].…”

Prognostic and Diagnostic Value of Endocan in Kidney Diseases

“…Therefore, factors related to endothelial dysfunction have increasingly been studied [ 39 ]. Endocan, playing a significant role in the regulation of cell adhesion and inflammatory disorders, has been shown to provide promising utilities in various kidney disease entities, such as acute kidney injury [ 42 , 43 ], chronic kidney disease [ 44 , 45 ], hemodialysis [ 46 ], peritoneal dialysis [ 47 , 48 ], renal transplantation [ 49 , 50 ], immunoglobulin A nephropathy [ 51 ], autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease [ 52 ], and diabetic nephropathy [ 53 , 54 ]. It constitutes a potential biomarker in the prognosis and diagnosis of kidney diseases; however it has, so far, significant limitations ( Table 1 ).…”

The Structure and Function of Paraoxonase-1 and Its Comparison to Paraoxonase-2 and -3

“…The development of many diseases is associated with changes in PON3 levels. Increased serum levels of PON3 are linked with its protective role in chronic liver impairment [80], coronary artery disease [81], and chronic kidney disease [82]. In male mice, it has been demonstrated that an increase in liver PON3 activity significantly decreases atherosclerotic lesion formation and adiposity [83].…”