Serum enterolactone levels and the risk of breast cancer in women with palpable cysts

Boccardo, Francesco; Lunardi, G.; Guglielmini, Pamela; Parodi, Maria Angela; Murialdo, Roberto; Schettini, Giuseppe; Rubagotti, Alessandra

doi:10.1016/s0959-8049(03)00576-8

Cited by 59 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Flaxseed lignan can reduce the risk of mammary and prostatic tumors, as was confirmed by the results of several studies [5][6][7][8]. The anticancer activity of flaxseed lignans could be caused by its antioxidant properties [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Antioxidant Activity of Flaxseed Extracts in Lipid Systems

et al. 2015

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Abstract:The aim of this work was to compare the antioxidant activity of the extract of flaxseed and its alkaline hydrolysate in two model systems: lipid autoxidation of triacylglycerols of sunflower oil (TGSO)-in a homogeneous lipid media and during β-carotene-linoleate emulsion system. In addition, pure lignans were tested. The material was defatted with hexane and then phenolic compounds were extracted using dioxane-ethanol (50:50, v/v) mixture. Carbohydrates were removed from the crude extract using an Amberlite XAD-16 column chromatography. The content of total phenolic compounds in the crude extract and after alkaline hydrolysis was determined using a Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Individual phenolic compounds were determined by nordihydroguaiaretic acid (RP-HPLC) method in gradient system. The alkaline hydrolysis increased the content of total phenolics in the extract approximately by 10%. In the extracts of flaxseed, phenolic compounds were present in the form of macromolecular complex. In the alkaline hydrolysate, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) was found as the main phenolic compound. Small amounts of p-coumaric and ferulic acids were also determined. SDG and both extracts were not able to inhibit effectively lipid autoxidation. The kinetics of TGSO autoxidation at 80˝C in absence and in presence of the extract before hydrolysis (EBH) and after hydrolysis (EAH) was monitored and compared with known standard antioxidants. Ferulic acid (FA) and butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) showed much higher antioxidant efficiency and reactivity than that of both extracts. Secoisolariciresinol (SECO) showed a higher activity in both model systems than SDG. However, the activity of SECO was much lower than that of nordihydroquaiaretic acid (NDGA).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Antioxidant Activity of Flaxseed Extracts in Lipid Systems

et al. 2015

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“…A weak and nonsignificant increase in breast cancer risk was found with higher urinary enterolactone excretion in a nested casecontrol study of postmenopausal Dutch women (20). In an Italian study, conducted among 383 women (premenopausal and postmenopausal) with palpable cysts, enterolactone levels (measured at the occurrence of the cyst) were significantly lower among the 18 women who subsequently developed breast cancer (46). Also, in a recently done nested case-control study among Danish women (27), an inverse association between plasma enterolactone levels and breast cancer risk was found; however, this association was restricted almost entirely to estrogen receptor a -negative breast cancer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Plasma Levels of Enterolactone and Percentage Mammographic Density among Postmenopausal Women

Stuedal

Gram

Bremnes

et al. 2005

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Aims: Certain phytoestrogens, such as lignans, may protect against developing breast cancer. Enterolactone is a lignan metabolite produced by the intestinal flora from dietary precursors such as whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. Enterolactone has been shown to have weak estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties. We decided to examine the association between plasma levels of enterolactone and mammographic density, a biomarker for breast cancer risk. Methods: We included data from postmenopausal women ages 55 and older who participated in a cross-sectional mammogram study in Tromsø, Norway. Mammograms, plasma enterolactone measurements, as well as information on anthropometric and hormonal/reproduction factors were available on 616 women. We assessed mammographic density using a previously validated computer-assisted method. We estimated correlation coefficients and conducted multiple regression analyses. Results: Mean mammographic density increased slightly across quartiles of enterolactone; the women in the highest quartile had, on average, 3.1% (absolute difference) higher percentage mammographic density compared with the lowest quartile (P trend < 0.01). After adjustment for age, body mass index, number of full-term pregnancies, age at first birth, and use of postmenopausal hormone therapy, the mean difference in density was reduced to 2.0% (P trend = 0.05). Results were similar when restricted to the 454 current hormone nonusers. The fully adjusted statistical model explained 28.3% of the total variability in mammographic percentage density, with body mass index contributing 18.2% and enterolactone only 0.9%. Conclusion: In our study, higher levels of enterolactone were associated with slightly higher percentage mammographic density. Our results suggest that if higher enterolactone levels reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in postmenopausal women, then this effect is not through lowering mammographic density. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14(9):2154 -9)

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“…For this reason we decided to use a concentration of 100 nM that has been measured in the breast cyst fluid of untreated women [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference Profile Correlation Reveals Estrogen-like Trancriptional Activity of Curcumin

Bachmeier

Mirisola²,

Romeo³

et al. 2010

Cell Physiol Biochem

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Background: Several secondary metabolites from herbal nutrient products act as weak estrogens (phytoestrogens), competing with endogenous estrogen for binding to the estrogen receptors and inhibiting steroid converting enzymes. However, it is still unclear whether these compounds elicit estrogen dependent transcription of genes at physiological concentrations. Methods: We compare the effects of physiological concentrations (100 nM) of the two phytoestrogens Enterolactone and Quercetin and the suspected phytoestrogen Curcumin on gene expression in the breast cancer cell line MCF7 with the effects elicited by 17-β-estradiol (E2). Results: All three phytocompounds have weak effects on gene transcription; most of the E2 genes respond to the phytoestrogens in the same direction though to a much lesser extent and in the order Curcumin > Quercetin > Enterolactone. Gene regulation induced by these compounds was low for genes strongly induced by E2 and similar to the latter for genes only weakly regulated by the classic estrogen. Of interest with regard to the treatment of menopausal symptoms, the survival factor Birc5/survivin and the oncogene MYBL1 are strongly induced by E2 but only marginally by phytoestrogens. Conclusion: This approach demonstrates estrogenic effects of putative phytoestrogens at physiological concentrations and shows, for the first time, estrogenic effects of Curcumin.

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Serum enterolactone levels and the risk of breast cancer in women with palpable cysts

Cited by 59 publications

References 22 publications

Antioxidant Activity of Flaxseed Extracts in Lipid Systems

Antioxidant Activity of Flaxseed Extracts in Lipid Systems

Plasma Levels of Enterolactone and Percentage Mammographic Density among Postmenopausal Women

Reference Profile Correlation Reveals Estrogen-like Trancriptional Activity of Curcumin

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