Session-to-session variations of internal load during different small-sided games: a study in professional soccer players

Younesi, Saeid; Rabbani, Alireza; Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Sarmento, Hugo; Figueiredo, António J.

doi:10.1080/15438627.2021.1888103

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 26 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A variety of methods are used to derive HRex, with the majority calculating the mean HR during the last 10-60 s of the test[11, 12, 45, 47, 48, 51, 53-61, 66, 69, 71, 74, 75, 82, 83, 85-87, 89, 92, 93, 96, 97, 103, 105-108, 111, 113-115, 117, 119-121]. Other approaches calculate the mean HR during the overall test (particularly during intermittent-variable protocols such as SSG)[70,71,79,94,98,101,104,116], specific fixed timepoints[6,46,59,60,84,91,95,99,105,109,110,112,122], or peak values observed[61,90].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Submaximal Fitness Tests in Team Sports: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Physiological State

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Team-sports staff often administer non-exhaustive exercise assessments with a view to evaluating physiological state, to inform decision making on athlete management (e.g., future training or recovery). Submaximal fitness tests have become prominent in team-sports settings for observing responses to a standardized physical stimulus, likely because of their time-efficient nature, relative ease of administration, and physiological rationale. It is evident, however, that many variations of submaximal fitness test characteristics, response measures, and monitoring purposes exist. The aim of this scoping review is to provide a theoretical framework of submaximal fitness tests and a detailed summary of their use as proxy indicators of training effects in team sports. Using a review of the literature stemming from a systematic search strategy, we identified five distinct submaximal fitness test protocols characterized in their combinations of exercise regimen (continuous or intermittent) and the progression of exercise intensity (fixed, incremental, or variable). Heart rate-derived indices were the most studied outcome measures in submaximal fitness tests and included exercise (exercise heart rate) and recovery (heart rate recovery and vagal-related heart rate variability) responses. Despite the disparity between studies, these measures appear more relevant to detect positive chronic endurance-oriented training effects, whereas their role in detecting negative transient effects associated with variations in autonomic nervous system function is not yet clear. Subjective outcome measures such as ratings of perceived exertion were less common in team sports, but their potential utility when collected alongside objective measures (e.g., exercise heart rate) has been advocated. Mechanical outcome measures either included global positioning system-derived locomotor outputs such as distance covered, primarily during standardized training drills (e.g., small-sided games) to monitor exercise performance, or responses derived from inertial measurement units to make inferences about lower limb neuromuscular function. Whilst there is an emerging interest regarding the utility of these mechanical measures, their measurement properties and underpinning mechanisms are yet to be fully established. Here, we provide a deeper synthesis of the available literature, culminating with evidence-based practical recommendations and directions for future research.

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Submaximal Fitness Tests in Team Sports: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Physiological State

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…On average, the 3v3 varied between 6.0% and 6.5% of the coefficient of variation, while 5v5 games ranged from 10.3% to 10.4%. The fact that smaller formats of play induce smaller variability can be associated with the time of repetition (3 min) and the fact that, in the 3v3 format, the levels of participation were more equal [ 24 ]. Interestingly, this finding may help coaches in the training prescription, since 3v3 induces values closer to those necessary for developing aerobic power [ 1 ], and these stable values presented by players across sessions can help coaches to trust in the 3v3 format to induce a similar physiological stimulus while prescribing small-sided games for targeting aerobic power [ 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing the within and between Players Variability of Heart Rate and Locomotor Responses in Small-Sided Soccer Games Performed Repeatedly over a Week

et al. 2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Small-sided games (SSGs) are drill-based and constrained exercises designed to promote a technical/tactical and physiological/physical stimulus on players while preserving some dynamics of the real game. However, as a dynamic game, they can offer some variability making the prediction of the stimulus hardest for the coach. Aim: The purpose of this study was to analyze the between-session and within-player variability of heart rates and locomotor responses of young male soccer players in 3v3 and 5v5 small-sided game formats. Methods: This study followed a repeated-measures study design. Twenty soccer players were enrolled in a study design in which the SSG formats 3v3 and 5v5 were performed consecutively across four days. Twenty under-17 male youth soccer players (16.8 ± 0.4 years old) voluntarily participated in this study. Participants were monitored using a Polar Team Pro for measuring the heart rate mean and maximum, distances covered at different speed thresholds, and peak speed. Results: Between-players variability revealed that maximum heart rate was the outcome with a smaller coefficient of variation (3v3 format: 3.1% to 11.1%; 5v5 format: 6.6% to 15.2%), while the distance covered at Z5 (3v3 format: 82.5% to 289.8%; 5v5 format: 94.0% to 221.1%). The repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the four games tested were different in the within-player variability considering the maximum heart rate (p = 0.032), total distance (p < 0.001), and distances at zone 1, 2, and 5 of speed (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The smaller small-sided game tested promotes greater within-player variability in locomotor demands while promoting smaller within-player variability heart rate responses. Possibly, 5v5 is more recommended to stabilize the locomotor demands, while the 3v3 is recommended to stabilize the heart rate stimulus.

show abstract

“…In this case, HR max was calculated using an estimated equation (HR max = 208 – 0.7 × mean age [ 38 ]), and mean ages were assumed as 9, 12 and 16 years, respectively. Similar HR max estimation was employed in two previous studies [ 29 , 33 ]. Graph digitizer software (WebPlotDigitizer, https://apps.automeris.io/wpd/ ) was used to extract the first two SMFT HRex group means and standard deviations of a test–retest study that administered repeated measures [ 34 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Submaximal Fitness Test in Team Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Exercise Heart Rate Measurement Properties

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Submaximal fitness tests (SMFT) are a pragmatic approach for evaluating athlete’s physiological state, due to their time-efficient nature, low physiological burden and relative ease of administration in team sports settings. While a variety of outcome measures can be collected during SMFT, exercise heart rate (HRex) is the most popular. Understanding the measurement properties of HRex can support the interpretation of data and assist in decision making regarding athlete’s current physiological state and training effects. Objectives The aims of our systematic review and meta-analysis were to: (1) establish meta-analytic estimates of SMFT HRex reliability and convergent validity and (2) examine the moderating influence of athlete and protocol characteristics on the magnitude of these measurement properties. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search with MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science databases for studies published up until January 2022 since records began. Studies were considered for inclusion when they included team sports athletes and the reliability and/or convergent validity of SMFT HRex was investigated. Reliability statistics included the group mean difference (MD), typical error of measurement (TE) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) derived from test–retest(s) designs. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) describing the relationship between SMFT HRex and a criterion measure of endurance performance was used as the statistic for convergent validity. Qualitative assessment was conducted using risk of bias assessment tool for non-randomised studies. Mixed-effects, multilevel hierarchical models combined with robust variance estimate tests were performed to obtain pooled measurement property estimates, effect heterogeneity, and meta-regression of modifying effects. Results The electronic search yielded 21 reliability (29 samples) and 20 convergent validity (29 samples) studies that met the inclusion criteria. Reliability meta-analysis indicated good absolute (MD = 0.5 [95% CI 0.1 to 0.9] and TE = 1.6 [95% CI 1.4 to 1.9] % points), and high relative (ICC = 0.88 [95% CI 0.84 to 0.91]) reliability. Convergent validity meta-analysis indicated an inverse, large relationship (r = − 0.58 [95% CI − 0.62 to − 0.54]) between SMFT HRex and endurance tests performance. Meta-regression analyses suggested no meaningful influence of SMFT protocol or athlete characteristics on reliability or convergent validity estimates. Conclusions Submaximal fitness test HRex is a reliable and valid proxy indicator of endurance performance in team sport athletes. Athlete and SMFT protocol characteristics do not appear to have a meaningful effect on these measurement properties. Practitioners may implement SMFT HRex for monitoring athlete’s physiological state by using our applied implications to guide the interpretation of data in practice. Future research should examine the utility of SMFT HRex to track within-athlete changes in aerobic capacity, as well as any further possible effects of SMFT protocols design elements or HRex analytical methods on measurement properties. Registration Protocol registration can be found in Open Science Framework and available through https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/9C2JV.

show abstract

Session-to-session variations of internal load during different small-sided games: a study in professional soccer players

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

Submaximal Fitness Tests in Team Sports: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Physiological State

Submaximal Fitness Tests in Team Sports: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Physiological State

Analyzing the within and between Players Variability of Heart Rate and Locomotor Responses in Small-Sided Soccer Games Performed Repeatedly over a Week

Submaximal Fitness Test in Team Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Exercise Heart Rate Measurement Properties

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About