Set, suggestion, and conditioning.

Grings, William W.; Carlin, Sidney; Appley, Mortimer H.

doi:10.1037/h0044250

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The results of the present study are congruent with the finding in animal taste-aversion research that flavor-illness associations are made much more readily than are associations between flavors and exteroceptive stimuli or between exteroceptive stimuli and illness (Garcia & Ervin, 1968;Garcia et al, 1974;Seligman, 1970;Seligman & Hager, 1972;Wilson & Davison, 1969). The notion of perceptual set (Grings, Carlin, & Appley, 1962) also is consistent with findings of greater aversion acquisition by emetic subjects, because illness may be a more feasible or believable UCS than shock.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Emetic and electric shock alcohol aversion therapy: Assessment of conditioning.

Cannon¹,

Baker²

1981

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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Twenty male alcoholic volunteers were randomly assigned to an emetic aversion conditioning group (n -7), a shock aversion conditioning group (n = 7), or a control group (n = 6) receiving no experimental treatment. All subjects received standard inpatient alcoholism treatment in addition to any aversion therapy. All subjects participated in psychophysiological assessment sessions and taste-test sessions before and after conditioning. Dependent measures across attitudinal, behavioral, and psychophysiological response systems all suggested that only emetic subjects acquired aversions to alcohol. Results are discussed with respect to their theoretical and clinical significance.Alcohol aversion therapy is one of the oldest behavior therapy techniques, the first reports appearing in the literature in the early 1940s (e.g., Thimann, 1943;Voegtlin, 1940). The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in these early studies was, with only one exception (Kantorovich, 1929), an emetic. Although early investigators such as Voegtlin (1940) viewed the pairing of alcohol with an emetic as Pavlovian conditioning, such a conditioning procedure would now be labeled taste aversion conditioning (Garcia, Hankins, & Rusiniak, 1974;Seligman, 1970).Early clinical reports of the use of emetic aversion therapy for alcoholics were usually quite positive (e.g.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Emetic and electric shock alcohol aversion therapy: Assessment of conditioning.

Cannon¹,

Baker²

1981

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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“…Shift in meaning of a symbolic stimulus implying a contingent event can be seen to change its arousal properties differently as a result of general exposure to the event, or graded experiences with the event (Grings & Zeiner, 1965). This type of phenomenon can be demonstrated to occur with symbolic stimuli not themselves reinforced but included in a group of reinforced stimuli (Grings, Carlin, & Appley, 1962). In other cases the intrinsic meaning of symbolic stimuli may determine the subject's perception of the stimulus sequence (e.g., Grant, 1972).…”

Section: Related Theoretical Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive factors in electrodermal conditioning.

Grings¹

1973

Psychological Bulletin

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University oj Saulhcrn CaliforniaAn analysis is made of concepts central to explanation of cognitive determination of electrodermal changes in conditioning situations. Past issues have emphasized verbally induced task sets, awareness of stimulus contingencies, and the possibility of simultaneous learning at different "levels." Current issues emphasize verbally determined changes in the perceptual significance of stimuli and changes in perception of relations among stimulus events. In conditioning situations, electrodermal activity is seen as a sensitive indicator of the momentary modulations of arousal which accompany processes described by the terms of orientation, anticipation, expectation, preparation, and signal-induced adaptation or defense.

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“…Two have been reported and will be mentioned only briefly. Grings, Carlin, and Applezweig (1960) and Grings, Carlin, and Appley (1962) manipulated a perceptual set to "expect" stimulation in a situation analogous to classical conditioning. Direct reinforcement was never applied to the specific test cue, or CS.…”

Section: Relation Of Intelligence To Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%