Seven good practices for the environmental licensing of coastal interventions: Lessons from the Italian, Cuban, Spanish and Colombian regulatory frameworks and insights on coastal processes

Advances and Challenges of Coastal Management in Uruguay in the Last Decade

“…Al igual que ocurre en otras zonas costeras del mundo (El Mrini et al, 2012;Barragán y de Andrés, 2015;de Andrés et al, 2017;Pereira et al, 2018), los sistemas costeros en Uruguay se han visto significativamente afectados por intervenciones humanas. Estas intervenciones, en términos generales, responden a las presiones originadas en cambios en el uso del suelo asociados a la urbanización, el turismo, la forestación y la agricultura, ya sea directamente en el litoral o en las cuencas y micro-cuencas costeras.…”

An evaluation of human interventions in the anthropogenically disturbed Caribbean Coast of Colombia

“…Despite being one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, Colombia exhibits a conventional system for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), with equal or even lower robustness than countries with lower natural and cultural richness (Pereira et al, 2018;Toro et al, 2010). This fact is made intricate given the cultural multiplicity of this tropical country (DANE, 2012a).…”

Coastal resilience potential as a coefficient of the coastal erosion risk assessment, and the management of risk areas via nature-based solutions

“…Especially in sandy beaches, a management is required after obtaining profound knowledge of all the components of the coastal system (social and ecologic), that very rarely are comparable from one place to another (Pereira et al, 2018). Differences are strong between areas concentrated in different climatic regimes, and the functions that the ecosystems issue within them depend on the countries' vocations.…”

“…National, regional, and local administrations usually provide cartographic supports or normative guidelines; they aim to preserve the environmental function of the coastal environment as much as possible. This should permit to respect the resilience limits of the coastal biophysical systems (Cantasano et al, 2019;De Groot, 1992;Ferreira and Laranjeira, 2000;Pereira et al, 2018;Restrepo et al, 2018). The growth of built-up areas is taken as the main metric to evaluate the pressure on coastal zones through the land cover maps.…”

“…CEM differs from the Disaster Risk Management mainly because the latter is a process that uses administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improve coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster (UNISDR, 2009). CEM today are mandatory because of the increasing human pressure on coasts and the great incomes that derive (IPCC CZMS, 1990; Barragán and de Andrés, 2015;Gracia et al, 2018Gracia et al, , 2018Pereira et al, 2018;Williams et al, 2018;Rangel-Buitrago et al, 2018b).…”