Sex differences in Cloninger's temperament dimensions—a meta-analysis

Miettunen, Jouko; Veijola, Juha; Lauronen, E.; Kantojärvi, Liisa; Joukamaa, Matti

doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.10.007

Cited by 131 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…There was also some heterogeneity between studies in the age and sex distributions. Age was not found to be a markedly confounding factor in an earlier meta-analysis of temperament and gender differences [70]. The present meta-analyses yielded similar results regardless of the covariation of sample age or without this variable, which supports the earlier result.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Meta-Analysis of Anxiety Disorders and Temperament

et al. 2014

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Background: The aims of the present study were to explore whether symptoms in different anxiety disorders are associated with Cloninger's model temperament dimensions novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence and persistence compared with control subjects in clinical samples of adults or late adolescents. Method: Literature search in the following databases: Cochrane Library, PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Psycinfo and PsycArticles. Systematic review, grading the level of evidence and meta-analysis for each disorder by comparing the temperament dimension scores between patient and control samples in single studies. Results: A total of 40 papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses were conducted on a total of 24 studies focusing on panic disorder (PD), social anxiety disorder (SAD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The primary finding was a constant and clinically marked positive association between the HA temperament dimension and symptoms of PD, SAD and OCD, with a most marked effect in SAD, and a moderate effect in OCD and PD. Second, less marked and clinically marginal associations between NS score and SAD and OCD (negative associations), but no associations with PD were observed. The meta-analyses revealed heterogeneity between the results of individual studies, especially in the analyses including SAD and OCD. Conclusions: PD, SAD and OCD share a marked and state-dependent avoidant behavioral pattern, which is common for all anxiety disorders. However, PD showed a different pattern of arousal to novel stimuli from that of SAD and OCD. The findings are state dependent and based on cross-sectional studies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Meta-Analysis of Anxiety Disorders and Temperament

et al. 2014

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“…Accordingly, our statistical analyses of TCI scores were divided into age groups. According to a recent meta-analysis [38], HA and RD were further considered separately by sex.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Exploratory Study to Subtype Obese Binge Eaters by Personality Traits

Leombruni

Rocca

Fassino

et al. 2014

Psychother Psychosom

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Background: Obesity and binge eating disorder (BED) are prevalent conditions that severely affect the quality of life of many people in developed countries, but an effective treatment remains elusive. Personality traits have been studied extensively in this population, leading to different, and at times conflicting, results. Subtyping BED people along these features could add to our knowledge of the disorder. Methods: We applied a two-step cluster analysis, followed by bootstrapping validation, to the Temperament and Character Inventory scores of 462 subjects affected by obesity and BED or subthreshold BED. Results: We found two clusters of subjects; however, the categorization in clusters 1 and 2 did not appear to strictly overlap with the distinction between BED and subthreshold BED. The first cluster showed higher harm avoidance and a lower self-directedness. Cluster 1 patients had higher depression, higher eating impulsivity, greater problems with their body image and poorer quality of life than cluster 2 patients. Conclusions: Our results seem to confirm the heterogeneity of the binge eater population and suggest the importance of harm avoidance and self-directedness to subtype these subjects. These results could generate exploratory works regarding personality in obese people with BED to discover more targeted treatments.

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“…Cloninger used the term novelty seeking as an alternative to impulsivity, an appetitive motivation that is associated with activity in the dopaminergic reward system and is expressed as a tendency to respond to novel stimuli with excitement [22]. Novelty seeking is highly correlated with Zuckerman's sensation seeking but unlike sensation seeking, no sex difference was found for novelty seeking in a recent meta-analysis [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Impulsivity a Male Trait Rather than Female Trait? Exploring the Sex Difference in Impulsivity

Weinstein

Dannon

2015

Curr Behav Neurosci Rep

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Impulsivity is raising major interest clinically because it is associated with various clinical conditions such as delinquency, antisocial behavior, suicide attempts, aggression, and criminal activity. The evolutionary perspective argued that impulsivity relates to self-regulation and it has predicted that female individuals should have evolved a greater ability to inhibit pre-potent responses. There is supportive evidence showing that female individuals have better performance on cognitive tasks measuring impulsivity such as delay in gratification and delayed discounting mainly in childhood. During adolescence, brain imaging studies using diffusion tensor imaging on white matter architecture indicated contrary to the evolutionary perspective hypothesis, that young adolescent male individuals may be less vulnerable than age-matched female individuals to risk-and reward-related maladaptive behaviors. In adults, the results are mixed presumably owing to hormonal effects on neuro-biological mechanisms of reward. Consequently, female individuals were less impulsive than male individuals only during fertile stages of the menstrual cycle. Finally, there is evidence the serotonin (5-HT) system is more involved in the impulsivity of men than in that of women. Overall, there seem to be sex differences in impulsivity but these differences are more pronounced in childhood and they are later subject to maturational and hormonal changes during adolescence and adulthood and their effects on the brain, cognition, and behavior.

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Sex differences in Cloninger's temperament dimensions—a meta-analysis

Cited by 131 publications

References 38 publications

Meta-Analysis of Anxiety Disorders and Temperament

Meta-Analysis of Anxiety Disorders and Temperament

An Exploratory Study to Subtype Obese Binge Eaters by Personality Traits

Is Impulsivity a Male Trait Rather than Female Trait? Exploring the Sex Difference in Impulsivity

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