Sex differences in driving under the influence of cannabis: The role of medical and recreational cannabis use

Lloyd, Shawnta L.; López-Quintero, Catalina; Striley, Catherine W.

doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106525

Cited by 23 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…As a result, there has been a strong movement toward correcting negative attitudes of the cannabis and attempts have been made in trying to remove this plant from narcotic lists. In Thailand, for instance, as from 2020, cannabis strains such as olecules 2020, 25, 5792; doi:10.3390/molecules25245792 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules eview he Cannabis Terpenes arana Rose Sommano 1,2,3, *, Chuda Chittasupho 3,4 , Warintorn Ruksiriwanich 3,4 and ensak Jantrawut 3,4 . Introduction Cannabis sativa L. or cannabis is a herbaceous annual that has a long history of use around the orld as fiber, food, oil as well as medicine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While focus has paid attention primarily to he bioactive functions of the cannabinoids, the hydrocarbon terpenes could also offer interesting ntourage effects that could ideally synergize or downstream their effects [7]. Eminently, with the Terpenes arana Rose Sommano 1,2,3, *, Chuda Chittasupho 3,4 , Warintorn Ruksiriwanich 3,4 and ensak Jantrawut 3,4 . Introduction Cannabis sativa L. or cannabis is a herbaceous annual that has a long history of use around the orld as fiber, food, oil as well as medicine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a medical sense, many recent studies have advised that the increase in cannabis use was in association with psychiatric symptoms including depression and anxiety [ 2 , 3 ]. However, many users still exclusively endorse its recreational purpose [ 4 , 5 ]. As a result, there has been a strong movement toward correcting negative attitudes of the cannabis and attempts have been made in trying to remove this plant from narcotic lists.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Cannabis Terpenes

et al. 2020

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Terpenes are the primary constituents of essential oils and are responsible for the aroma characteristics of cannabis. Together with the cannabinoids, terpenes illustrate synergic and/or entourage effect and their interactions have only been speculated in for the last few decades. Hundreds of terpenes are identified that allude to cannabis sensory attributes, contributing largely to the consumer’s experiences and market price. They also enhance many therapeutic benefits, especially as aromatherapy. To shed light on the importance of terpenes in the cannabis industry, the purpose of this review is to morphologically describe sources of cannabis terpenes and to explain the biosynthesis and diversity of terpene profiles in different cannabis chemovars.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Cannabis Terpenes

et al. 2020

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“…Furthermore, the age and gender distribution does not represent the general population, as only young participants and a higher proportion of males were included. Although a lower incidence of cannabis-impaired driving has been demonstrated in older and female users [ 73 , 74 , 75 ], they might show different behaviours, so this issue should be considered in future studies. Therefore, further research with larger samples, different ages and similar gender distribution is needed to confirm the findings of this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggressive Driving Behaviours in Cannabis Users. The Influence of Consumer Characteristics

Ortiz-Peregrina

Ortíz

Anera

2021

IJERPH

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This study analysed dangerous driving behaviours in twenty young occasional cannabis users through objective and self-reported data, studying the relationship between the two aspects. Visual function was assessed in a baseline session and after smoking cannabis, as well as speed-related behaviour in a driving simulator. The participants responded to questionnaires on sociodemographic factors, their consumption profile, and the incidence of dangerous behaviours (Dula Dangerous Driving Index; DDDI). After cannabis use, the results revealed a significant deterioration in visual function. In terms of speed management, they showed significantly greater acceleration force in the two different sections of the route, and they drove significantly faster. Our correlations indicate that males and heavier users display more risky speed management. Likewise, the heavier cannabis users admitted to increased dangerous driving behaviour, and an accident in the preceding year was associated with a trend towards aggressive driving behaviour according to the DDDI questionnaire. The findings of this study suggest that cannabis users adopt dangerous behaviours when driving, despite the effect this drug has on certain important functions, such as vision. The results suggest a need for awareness-raising and information campaigns.

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“…The observed sex differences are therefore expected and indicate that such differences are detectable with a smart device-based, portable movement battery deployed in a mobile, vehicular lab setting. Notably, our large sample and nearly equal number of males and females is a departure from most existing cannabis literature [e.g., (53)(54)(55)] and is a strength of this report focused on cannabis and sex effects. To report that cannabis concentrate alters balance, arm speed, and leg speed similarly between males and females, despite documented sex differences in general cannabis use patterns and effects (33, 56-59) fills a critical gap in the cannabis literature (16,60).…”

Section: Motor Impairment Is Similar Between Men and Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Effects of Cannabis Concentrate on Motor Control and Speed: Smartphone-Based Mobile Assessment

et al. 2021

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Background: The use of cannabis concentrate is dramatically rising and sparking major safety concerns. Cannabis concentrate contains tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) potencies up to 90%, yet there has been little research on motor impairment after concentrate use (commonly referred to as “dabbing”). This study measured postural control and motor speed after the use of high potency concentrates in males and females.Methods: Experienced concentrate users (N = 65, Female: 46%, 17 ± 11 days/month of concentrate use) were assessed for motor performance in a mobile laboratory before, immediately after, and 1 h after ad-libitum cannabis concentrate use. Plasma levels of THC were obtained via venipuncture at each timepoint. We used a remotely deployable motor performance battery to assess arm and leg movement speed, index finger tapping rate, and balance. The sensors on a smart device (iPod Touch) attached to the participant provided quantitative measures of movement.Results: Arm speed slowed immediately after concentrate use and remained impaired after 1 h (p < 0.001), leg speed slowed 1 h after use (p = 0.033), and balance decreased immediately after concentrate use (eyes open: p = 0.017, eyes closed: p = 0.013) but not at 1 h post-use. These effects were not different between sexes and there was no effect of concentrate use on finger tapping speed. Acute changes in THC plasma levels after use of concentrates were minimally correlated with acute changes in balance performance.Conclusions: Use of cannabis concentrates in frequent users impairs movement speed and balance similarly in men and women. The motor impairment is largely uncorrelated with the change in THC plasma levels. These results warrant further refinement of cannabis impairment testing and encourage caution related to use of cannabis concentrates in work and driving settings.

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Sex differences in driving under the influence of cannabis: The role of medical and recreational cannabis use

Cited by 23 publications

References 50 publications

The Cannabis Terpenes

The Cannabis Terpenes

Aggressive Driving Behaviours in Cannabis Users. The Influence of Consumer Characteristics

Acute Effects of Cannabis Concentrate on Motor Control and Speed: Smartphone-Based Mobile Assessment

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