Sex Differences in the Age of Genetics

Arnold, Arthur P.

doi:10.1016/b978-008088783-8.00053-x

Cited by 1 publication

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References 96 publications

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“…(1) a sex-specific trophic environment due to differences in gonadal hormones secretion and (2) a distinct genetic and epigenetic pattern for males and females generated by differences in the expression of X and Y chromosomes-linked genes [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-Linked Histone H3K27 Demethylase Kdm6a Regulates Sexually Dimorphic Differentiation of Hypothalamic Neurons

Zapata

Cisternas

Sosa

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Several X-linked genes are involved in neuronal differentiation and may contribute to the generation of sex dimorphisms in brain. Previous results showed that XX hypothalamic neurons grow faster, have longer axons, and exhibit higher expression of the neuritogenic gene neurogenin 3 (Ngn3) than XY before perinatal masculinization. Here we evaluated the participation of candidate X-linked genes in the development of these sex differences, focusing mainly on Kdm6a, a gene encoding for an H3K27 demethylase with functions controlling gene expression genome-wide. We established hypothalamic neuronal cultures from wild-type or transgenic Four Core Genotypes mice, a model that allows evaluating the effect of sex chromosomes independently of gonadal type. X-linked genes Kdm6a, Eif2s3x and Ddx3x showed higher expression in XX compared to XY neurons, regardless of gonadal sex. Moreover, Kdm6a expression pattern with higher mRNA levels in XX than XY did not change with age at E14, P0, and P60 in hypothalamus or under 17β-estradiol treatment in culture. Kdm6a pharmacological blockade by GSK-J4 reduced the expression of neuritogenic genes Neurod1, Neurod2 and Cdk5r1 in both sexes equally, while a sex-specific effect was observed on Ngn3 levels, with a decrease in XX and an increase in XY neurons. Finally, both Kdm6a inhibition and its downregulation using siRNA reduced axonal length only in female neurons, abolishing the sex differences observed in control conditions. Altogether, these results point to Kdm6a as a key mediator of the higher axogenesis and Ngn3 expression observed in XX neurons before critical period of brain masculinization. Keywords: Kdm6a, H3K27 demethylation, sex differences, Ngn3, neuritogenesis, hypothalamic neurons

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%