Sex-related differences in the muscarinic acetylcholinergic receptor in the healthy human brain —A positron emission tomography study—

Yoshida, Tsuyoshi; Kuwabara, Yasuo; Sasaki, Masayuki; Fukumura, Toshimitsu; Ichimiya, Ayahiko; Takita, Masashi; Ogomori, Koji; Ichiya, Y; Masuda, Kouji

doi:10.1007/bf02988587

Cited by 28 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In accordance with postmortem findings, an age-dependent decline of mAChR binding throughout the cerebrum was observed in human studies of [ 11 C]benztropine (Dewey et al, 1990b), [ 11 C]NMPB (Suhara et al, 1993;Yoshida et al, 2000;Zubieta et al, 2001), (Weinberger et al, 1991), and [ 123 I](R,R)-IQNB (Norbury et al, 2004(Norbury et al, , 2005. In contrast, Lee et al (1996) reported no substantial age-related changes in the cerebrum in a human PET study with [ 11 C]TRB.…”

Section: Effects Of Agingsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…In addition, females are at a greater risk of AD than are males (Henderson, 1997). In a human study, the regional [ 11 C]NMPB uptake ratio (vs cerebellum uptake) was higher in females than in males throughout all cerebral regions (Yoshida et al, 2000). The slope of the age-dependent decline in the [ 11 C]NMPB uptake ratio was steeper in females than in males, but the difference was not significant.…”

Section: Sex-related Changesmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Human Brain Imaging of Acetylcholine Receptors

Toyohara

Sakata

Ishiwata

2014

Imaging of the Human Brain in Health and Disease

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Section: Effects Of Agingsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Sex-related Changesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Human Brain Imaging of Acetylcholine Receptors

Toyohara

Sakata

Ishiwata

2014

Imaging of the Human Brain in Health and Disease

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“…Moreover, the length of hormone therapy in post-menopausal women was positively correlated with the concentrations of cholinergic synaptic terminals in cortical areas and the posterior cingulate suggesting that hormone therapy may positively influence the survival of cholinergic cells in postmenopausal women (97). Women also express higher numbers of cortical muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (98).…”

Section: Sex Differences In Brain Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolving Knowledge of Sex Differences in Brain Structure, Function, and Chemistry

Cosgrove

Mazure

Staley

2007

Biological Psychiatry

894

615

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Background-Clinical and epidemiologic evidence demonstrates sex differences in the prevalence and course of various psychiatric disorders. Understanding sex-specific brain differences in healthy individuals is a critical first step towards understanding sex-specific expression of psychiatric disorders. Here, we evaluate evidence on sex differences in brain structure, chemistry and function using imaging methodologies, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in mentally healthy individuals.

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“…PET studies indicate increased mopioid binding in women (Zubieta et al 1999), and receptor density seems to be similarly modulated by menstrual cycle position (Smith et al 1998). Increased expression of both muscarinic (Yoshida et al 2000) and nicotinic (Koylu et al 1997) acetylcholine receptors in females has also been reported.Perhaps the largest sex difference in neurochemistry, however, can be found in circulating sex hormone levels. This point may at first seem so glaringly obvious as to be trivial.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Sex influences on the neurobiology of learning and memory

Andreano¹,

Cahill²

2009

Learn. Mem.

615

400

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In essentially every domain of neuroscience, the generally implicit assumption that few, if any, meaningful differences exist between male and female brain function is being challenged. Here we address how this development is influencing studies of the neurobiology of learning and memory. While it has been commonly held that males show an advantage on spatial tasks, and females on verbal tasks, there is increasing evidence that sex differences are more widespread than previously supposed. Differing performance between the sexes have been observed on a number of common learning tasks in both the human and animal literature, many neither purely spatial nor verbal. We review sex differences reported in various areas to date, while attempting to identify common features of sexually dimorphic tasks, and to place these differences in a neurobiological context. This discussion focuses on studies of four classes of memory tasks for which sex differences have been frequently reported: spatial, verbal, autobiographical, and emotional memory. We conclude that the female verbal advantage extends into numerous tasks, including tests of spatial and autobiographical abilities, but that a small but significant advantage may exist for general episodic memory. We further suggest that for some tasks, stress evokes sex differences, which are not normally observed, and that these differences are mediated largely by interactions between stress and sex hormones.Sex influences on brain function are ubiquitous. Differences between the sexes have been documented at every level of neuroscience, from single neurons in cell culture to systems level processes as measured by neuroimaging. In some cases, consideration of sex may significantly alter, even reverse, conclusions about brain function drawn from the study of one sex alone (Cahill 2006). In some fields, such as the study of drug addiction, the evidence for sex differences is so strong that consideration of sex as a factor is becoming the norm, rather than the exception (Wetherington 2007).The claim that these neurobiological sex differences extend to the behavioral level has typically been more controversial. A recent review of the literature on this topic warns against the ''costs of overinflated claims of gender differences.'' The review holds that overall ''males and females are alike on most-but not all-psychological variables'' (Hyde 2005), but notes exceptions where sex does have an effect, including sexual and aggressive behaviors. Still, given how broadly sex differences are distributed on the neural level, it seems unlikely that their behavioral effects would be restricted solely to these domains.One area of behavior not considered in Hyde's review is the influence of sex on learning and memory. It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that an understanding of the neurobiological and cognitive consequences of sex is relevant across this field. In the review that follows, behavioral evidence indicating differences between men and women from numerous memory tasks will be co...

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Sex-related differences in the muscarinic acetylcholinergic receptor in the healthy human brain —A positron emission tomography study—

Cited by 28 publications

References 23 publications

Human Brain Imaging of Acetylcholine Receptors

Human Brain Imaging of Acetylcholine Receptors

Evolving Knowledge of Sex Differences in Brain Structure, Function, and Chemistry

Sex influences on the neurobiology of learning and memory

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