Sex-Specific Associations of Urinary Metals with Renal Function: a Cross-sectional Study in China

Abstract

Background: Extensive studies revealed the association between heavy metals and CKD. Compared with single meta, the mixtures metals re ect metals exposure scenarios in real life and deserves attention.While the mechanism of action of the metal mixture on renal function is still unde ned. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 2775 participants was conducted. Urinary concentrations of heavy metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the estimated glomerular ltration rate (eGFR) for renal function was calculated. The association of metals with eGFR was estimated by linear regression. Interaction of the metal mixture was used to evaluate by using a Bayesian nuclear machine regression model (BKMR).Results: In linear regression, urinary As (β = 2.723, P<0.05) and Pb (β = 3.081, P<0.05) were positively correlated with eGFR in total population. In BKMR model, the mixture of ve metals had a positive joint effect on eGFR levels, and Pb (PIP = 0.996) contributed the most to the eGFR levels. Pb was signi cantly and positively associated with eGFR levels in total participants and women. As was signi cantly and positively associated with eGFR levels in women. Pb displayed a signi cant and positive effect when all the other metals were xed at 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles.Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge All ve metals mixed exposure was positively associated with eGFR, while Pb was demonstrated more important effects than the other four metals in the mixture, especially in women.

Metal concentrations and KIM-1 levels in school-aged children: a cross-sectional study

“…The latter one included gender, age, and locality of residence as potential confounders. The potential confounding variables incorporated into the model were identified based on previously published data indicating varied exposure profiles in relation to sex and age 24 , 25 . The inclusion of residency locality was deemed necessary owing to its industrial and productive activities, which could potentially result in the release of specific heavy metals and metalloids.…”