Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity/Expression in Adolescent Research: Two Decades in Review

Baams, Laura; Kaufman, Tessa M. L.

doi:10.1080/00224499.2023.2219245

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…First, the measure of gender modality was limited as items only assessed whether a participant identified as a boy or a girl and it did not assess the level that students disclosed or expressed their gender modality. The lack of comprehensive measures of gender modality is a common problem of population-based surveys and this issue should be addressed accordingly (Baams & Kaufman, 2023 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Bullying Victimization and Social Unsafety for Sexually and Gender Diverse Students

Kiekens,

Van der Ploeg,

Fish

et al. 2024

J. Youth Adolescence

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Research has documented trends in bullying victimization for sexually diverse adolescents in the US, but trends regarding school social unsafety are understudied and there is a dearth of research examining these trends for gender diverse adolescents. This study aimed to identify disparities in bullying victimization and feelings of social unsafety in schools for sexually and gender diverse adolescents. Data stem from the 2014 (N = 15,800; M age = 14.17, SD = 1.50), 2016 (N = 22,310; M age = 14.17, SD = 1.49), and 2018 (N = 10,493; M age = 14.02, SD = 1.52) survey cycles of the Social Safety Monitor, a Dutch cross-sectional school-based study. Findings indicate that sexual orientation disparities remained relatively small, but stable over time, while gender diverse adolescents remained more likely to be victimized and feel unsafe in school, with larger disparities overall. Monitoring these trends is highly relevant, especially considering recent negative developments regarding societal acceptance of sexual and gender diversity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Bullying Victimization and Social Unsafety for Sexually and Gender Diverse Students

Kiekens,

Van der Ploeg,

Fish

et al. 2024

J. Youth Adolescence

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“…If adolescence is a time of gender intensification, wherein social pressure to conform to gendered role behavior increases, then adolescents may feel particularly vulnerable in disclosing nonconforming gender role wish and may not share this with parents. This possibility supports recent recommendations that in studies of sexual orientation and gender identity, adolescents should report for themselves wherever possible …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This possibility supports recent recommendations that in studies of sexual orientation and gender identity, adolescents should report for themselves wherever possible. 10,34 Understanding sexuality and gender diversity is important because of the stigma and discrimination experienced by many sexuality-and gender-diverse young people. Disparities relative to cisgender, heterosexual peers include poorer mental health, such as depression, 35,36 anxiety, 37 self-harm, 36,38 suicidal ideation and attempts, 1,38,39 and posttraumatic stress disorder, 40,41 with transgender young people at highest risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Childhood and Adolescence Gender Role Nonconformity and Gender and Sexuality Diversity in Young Adulthood

Marino,

Lin,

Davies

et al. 2023

JAMA Pediatr

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ImportanceSexuality- and gender-diverse youth experience disproportionate health and social adversity. Accurate early-life indicators are important for development of supportive approaches.ObjectiveTo examine whether commonly used items measuring childhood conformity to gender roles are associated with sexual orientation in young adulthood.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis single-center, prospective cohort study (the Raine Study) assessed 2868 children of 2900 women who were recruited during pregnancy from August 1, 1989, to April 30, 1992, with follow-up ongoing. The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) Child Behavior Checklist, Teacher Report Form, and Youth Self-Report tools were used to survey parents, teachers, and youths to examine gender diversity among the participating youths. Parents were followed up at years 5, 8, 10, 14, and 17, adolescents at years 14, 17, and 27, and teachers at years 10 and 14. Data were analyzed from August 1, 2020, to July 31, 2023.ExposuresParent and teacher report that a child “behaves like the opposite sex” (gender role behavior), and parent and self-report that a child “wishes to be the opposite sex” (gender role wish), in response to assessment items.Main Outcome MeasuresYear 27 self-reported sexual identity, attraction, and behavior.ResultsOf the 2868 children in the original birth cohort, 1154 (40.2%) participated in the year 27 follow-up, of whom 608 (52.7%) were recorded female at birth and 546 (47.3%) were recorded male at birth. Of these, 582 who were recorded female at birth continued to identify as female (cisgender) (95.7%), and 515 recorded male at birth continued to identify as male (cisgender) (94.3%); 47 (4.1%) did not complete the questionnaire. Of cisgender participants, 76 of 605 women (12.6%) and 52 of 540 men (9.6%) had a diverse sexual identity, 204 of 605 women (33.8%) and 77 of 540 men (14.3%) were same-gender attracted, and 100 of 605 women (18.6%) and 39 of 540 men (7.2%) had ever engaged in same-gender sexual behavior. Across all follow-ups, after adjusting for gender, nonconforming gender role behavior was consistently associated with diverse sexual identity and behavior (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] for identity, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.9-4.2; behavior aOR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.6-3.5). Self-reported gender role wish was consistently associated with diverse sexual orientation (identity aOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.4-3.8; attraction aOR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.5; behavior aOR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-2.9).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, ASEBA gender role nonconformity was associated with diverse sexual orientation, beginning in early childhood. Findings suggest that the ASEBA measures should not be used to infer sexual orientation or gender diversity in clinical or research settings; asking direct questions may provide more accurate data.

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“…Those who checked the same gender, both, or who were unsure were coded as sexually-diverse (1). This measure is commonly used to assess sexual attraction and orientation among adolescents (Baams & Kaufman, 2023 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Sexuality Alliances and School Safety: Who Benefits Most, and Do Additive School-Led Practices Strengthen the Link?

Kaufman,

Kiekens,

Baams

et al. 2024

J. Youth Adolescence

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While Gender and Sexuality Alliances (GSAs) are associated with higher acceptance of sexual diversity and lower bullying-victimization, it is unclear which individual and school-level attributes strengthen these associations. Nationally representative data (N = 1,567 students; Mage = 15.4, SD = 0.16; 34% boys, 66% girls, 51% heterosexual, 49% sexually-diverse after propensity score matching) in 139 Dutch secondary schools were used. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that GSA presence was linked to more inclusive attitudes about sexual diversity and a safer disclosure climate among sexually-diverse students, and lower general bullying-victimization when the school had a GSA combined with school practices to tackle bullying. School professionals and researchers are recommended to recognize the significance of individual and school-level factors that affect GSA correlates.

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Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity/Expression in Adolescent Research: Two Decades in Review

Cited by 13 publications

References 146 publications

Trends in Bullying Victimization and Social Unsafety for Sexually and Gender Diverse Students

Trends in Bullying Victimization and Social Unsafety for Sexually and Gender Diverse Students

Childhood and Adolescence Gender Role Nonconformity and Gender and Sexuality Diversity in Young Adulthood

Gender Sexuality Alliances and School Safety: Who Benefits Most, and Do Additive School-Led Practices Strengthen the Link?

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