“…Talischi, Paulino, Pereira, and Menezes (2010) applied the polygonal element in the TO process. Shape optimization techniques have been applied in designing truss structures (Adeli & Balasubramanyam, 1987, 1988; Su, Wu, Ji, & Shen, 2018) and shell structures (Kociecki & Adeli, 2014, 2015; Rombouts, Lombaert, De Laet, & Schevenels, 2019; Xia, Wu, & Hendriks, 2019).…”