Shaping cities for health: complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century

Rydin, Yvonne; Bleahu, Ana; Davies, Martin; Dávila, Julio D.; Friel, Sharon; Grandis, Giovanni De; Groce, Nora; Hallal, Pedro Curi; Hamilton, Ian; Howden‐Chapman, Philippa; Lai, Ka Man; Lim, CS; Martins, Juliana; Osrin, David; Ridley, Ian; Scott, Ian; Taylor, Myfanwy; Wilkinson, Paul; Wilson, James

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60435-8

Cited by 679 publications

(538 citation statements)

References 167 publications

(158 reference statements)

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“…14 These and other fundamental amenities of urban life, such as efficient transportation systems or sanitation and wastewater management, all combine to the pool of factors affecting health and wellbeing. 15,16 Efforts have been made to map the complex interconnections between all these factors aiming to develop the concept of healthy cities. 15 Complexity, however, means that the behavior of the system is not simply the sum of the behavior of its individual parts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15,16 Efforts have been made to map the complex interconnections between all these factors aiming to develop the concept of healthy cities. 15 Complexity, however, means that the behavior of the system is not simply the sum of the behavior of its individual parts. Complex systems, like cities, may incorporate, among other characteristics, highly heterogeneous multi-level networks, fitness, feedback, and chaotic behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Non-linear Health Consequences of Living in Larger Cities

2015

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Urbanization promotes economy, mobility, access, and availability of resources, but on the other hand, generates higher levels of pollution, violence, crime, and mental distress. The health consequences of the agglomeration of people living close together are not fully understood. Particularly, it remains unclear how variations in the population size across cities impact the health of the population. We analyze the deviations from linearity of the scaling of several health-related quantities, such as the incidence and mortality of diseases, external causes of death, wellbeing, and health care availability, in respect to the population size of cities in Brazil, Sweden, and the USA. We find that deaths by non-communicable diseases tend to be relatively less common in larger cities, whereas the per capita incidence of infectious diseases is relatively larger for increasing population size. Healthier lifestyle and availability of medical support are disproportionally higher in larger cities. The results are connected with the optimization of human and physical resources and with the non-linear effects of social networks in larger populations. An urban advantage in terms of health is not evident, and using rates as indicators to compare cities with different population sizes may be insufficient.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Non-linear Health Consequences of Living in Larger Cities

2015

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“…Aspectos como maior acessibilidade e menor percepção de distância até as instalações de lazer, maior densidade residencial, uso misto do solo, percepção de segurança e conectividade entre as ruas são atributos do ambiente, os quais apresentam consistente associação com a prática de atividade física de adolescentes 9,10 . No entanto, essas evidências são limitadas a países de renda elevada, o que pode não representar as características de países de renda média como o Brasil 11 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Distância percebida até as instalações de lazer e sua associação com a prática de atividade física e de exercícios em adolescentes de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil

Lima¹,

Fermino²,

Oliveira³

et al. 2013

Cad. Saúde Pública

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“…The challenge is to ensure that such strategies do not result in unintended adverse health effects [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ensuring adaptation to climate change does not increase health risks from the built environment

Walls¹

2016

J Environ Eng Ecol Sci

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Adaptation to climate change is taking place and there is a need to ensure that it escalates unabated to provide support for and mitigate the adverse effects of the present world population. However, the built environment is changing at an exponential rate in all aspects such as complexity, coverage over the earth's surface and in accommodating a burgeoning world population. Natural disasters such as flooding, inundation, drought, hot days and fire continue to occur, some of which may be attributed to or exacerbated by climate change, impact on the built environment. Apart from direct mortality of many people and resulting morbidity affecting many more people, the vulnerabilities of the built environment in providing shelter, warmth, comfort and services to people are exposed and challenged with each successive disaster event. While we strive to improve our processes and implement new technologies to cope and improve quality of life under a climate change regime, we must also be sufficiently circumspect to avoid adverse and unintended consequences, which may include eye diseases from modern artificial lighting, increased radon exposure from air-tight buildings, Legionella infections from air conditioning systems, dengue fever due to increasing numbers of on-site rain water tanks and others.

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Shaping cities for health: complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century

Cited by 679 publications

References 167 publications

The Non-linear Health Consequences of Living in Larger Cities

The Non-linear Health Consequences of Living in Larger Cities

Distância percebida até as instalações de lazer e sua associação com a prática de atividade física e de exercícios em adolescentes de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil

Ensuring adaptation to climate change does not increase health risks from the built environment

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