Shaping the brain: The emergence of cortical structure and folding

Akula, Shyam K.; Exposito-Alonso, David; Walsh, Christopher A.

doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.004

Cited by 11 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 166 publications

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“…To further characterize the cortical folds in both tKO mouse models, we quantified and compared the cell densities within the folded areas. Naturally forming gyri in gyrencephalic species tend to have a higher cell density than sulcus areas 3,7,40,41 . It was therefore interesting to ask, if the generated gyri in Fgf10 tKO mice would have higher cell densities than control areas in the same cortical region.…”

Section: Higher Cell Density In Gyri Of Fgf10 Tko Micementioning

confidence: 99%

Cortex Folding by Combined Progenitor Expansion and Adhesion-Controlled Neuronal Migration

Chun,

Diaz Almeida,

Ivilinov Todorov

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Folding of the mammalian cerebral cortex into sulcal fissures and gyral peaks is the result of complex processes that are incompletely understood. Previously we showed that genetic deletion of Flrt1/3 adhesion molecules causes folding of the smooth mouse cortex into sulci resulting from increased lateral dispersion and faster neuron migration, without progenitor expansion. Here, we find that combining the Flrt1/3 double knockout with an additional genetic deletion that causes progenitor expansion, greatly enhances cortex folding. Expansion of intermediate progenitors by deletion of Cep83 results in enhanced formation of sulci. Expansion of apical progenitors by deletion of Fgf10 results in enhanced formation of gyri. Single cell transcriptomics and simulations suggest that changes in adhesive properties of cortical neurons, their proportions and densities in the cortical plate, combined with lateral dispersion during their radial migration are important folding parameters. These results identify key developmental mechanisms that cooperate to promote cortical gyrification.

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Section: Higher Cell Density In Gyri Of Fgf10 Tko Micementioning

confidence: 99%

Cortex Folding by Combined Progenitor Expansion and Adhesion-Controlled Neuronal Migration

Chun,

Diaz Almeida,

Ivilinov Todorov

et al. 2024

Preprint

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From the genome's perspective: Bearing somatic retrotransposition to leverage the regulatory potential of L1 RNAs

Mangoni,

Mazzetti,

Ansaloni

et al. 2024

BioEssays

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Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genomic elements constituting a big fraction of eukaryotic genomes. They ignite an evolutionary arms race with host genomes, which in turn evolve strategies to restrict their activity. Despite being tightly repressed, TEs display precisely regulated expression patterns during specific stages of mammalian development, suggesting potential benefits for the host. Among TEs, the long interspersed nuclear element (LINE‐1 or L1) has been found to be active in neurons. This activity prompted extensive research into its possible role in cognition. So far, no specific cause‐effect relationship between L1 retrotransposition and brain functions has been conclusively identified. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence suggests that interactions between L1 RNAs and RNA/DNA binding proteins encode specific messages that cells utilize to activate or repress entire transcriptional programs. We summarize recent findings highlighting the activity of L1 RNAs at the non‐coding level during early embryonic and brain development. We propose a hypothesis suggesting a mutualistic relationship between L1 mRNAs and the host cell. In this scenario, cells tolerate a certain rate of retrotransposition to leverage the regulatory effects of L1s as non‐coding RNAs on potentiating their mitotic potential. In turn, L1s benefit from the cell's proliferative state to increase their chance to mobilize.

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Deciphering brain cellular and behavioral mechanisms: Insights from single‐cell and spatial RNA sequencing

Chen,

Nie,

Wang

et al. 2024

WIREs RNA

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The brain is a complex computing system composed of a multitude of interacting neurons. The computational outputs of this system determine the behavior and perception of every individual. Each brain cell expresses thousands of genes that dictate the cell's function and physiological properties. Therefore, deciphering the molecular expression of each cell is of great significance for understanding its characteristics and role in brain function. Additionally, the positional information of each cell can provide crucial insights into their involvement in local brain circuits. In this review, we briefly overview the principles of single‐cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, the potential issues and challenges in their data processing, and their applications in brain research. We further outline several promising directions in neuroscience that could be integrated with single‐cell RNA sequencing, including neurodevelopment, the identification of novel brain microstructures, cognition and behavior, neuronal cell positioning, molecules and cells related to advanced brain functions, sleep–wake cycles/circadian rhythms, and computational modeling of brain function. We believe that the deep integration of these directions with single‐cell and spatial RNA sequencing can contribute significantly to understanding the roles of individual cells or cell types in these specific functions, thereby making important contributions to addressing critical questions in those fields.This article is categorized under: RNA Evolution and Genomics > Computational Analyses of RNA RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease

show abstract

Shaping the brain: The emergence of cortical structure and folding

Cited by 11 publications

References 166 publications

Cortex Folding by Combined Progenitor Expansion and Adhesion-Controlled Neuronal Migration

Cortex Folding by Combined Progenitor Expansion and Adhesion-Controlled Neuronal Migration

From the genome's perspective: Bearing somatic retrotransposition to leverage the regulatory potential of L1 RNAs

Deciphering brain cellular and behavioral mechanisms: Insights from single‐cell and spatial RNA sequencing

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