“…Arthur et al, 1977;Desrues et al, 1985Desrues et al, , 1996Finno et al, 1996Finno et al, , 1997; Nemat-Nasser and Okada, 2001; Tatsuoka et al, 1990;Vardoulakis, 1980;Yoshida et al, 1993), while theoretical developments and predictions have been attempted in other studies (e.g. Hansen, 1958;Molenkamp, 1985;Muhlhaus and Vardoulakis, 1987;Rice, 1976;Rudnicki and Rice, 1975;Vardoulakis, 1980Vardoulakis, , 1996aVardoulakis, , 1996bVardoulakis et al, 1978;Vermeer, 1982).…”