Based on an analysis of the extant literature, this paper summarizes the research progress on the mechanical properties and long-term behavior of corrugated steel web (CSW) box girder bridges. First, the research results of CSW box girder bridges in terms of the shear buckling performance (local shear buckling, overall shear buckling, and interaction buckling), bending performance, bending capacity, torsional capacity, and coefficient of internal force increase are summarized, along with the main factors affecting the mechanical performance of CSW box girder bridges. Second, based on research on the self-oscillation characteristics and dynamic response of CSW box girder bridges, the influence of structural parameters on the self-oscillation characteristics is analyzed. Finally, the long-term mechanical behavior of the CSW box girder bridges is analyzed in terms of fatigue, creep, and temperature effects. The existing research results demonstrate that there still exist deficiencies in the mechanical properties and long-term behavior of CSW box girder bridges, and this paper thus suggests a future research focus on CSW box girder bridges to provide a reference for further improving their basic theoretical system.