“…Rock fragment content (RFC) is critical for other soil properties, such as soil physical structure (Xu et al, 2012;Gargiulo et al, 2015Gargiulo et al, , 2016, water and nutrient availability (Rytter, 2012;Qin et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2016;Ceacero et al, 2020), and microbial composition (Certini et al, 2004;Hong et al, 2021;Huang et al, 2023a). In soils with high RFC (Rytter, 2012;Ceacero et al, 2020;Huang et al, 2023b), growth and biomass accumulation decreases in plants (Mi et al, 2016;Hu et al, 2021), but the allocation ratio of the below-ground parts increases (Hu et al, 2021). The rocky soil, water stress, and infertile environment limits agroforest development of the arid area.…”