Short communication: Effect of sampling time relative to the first daily feeding on interpretation of serum fatty acid and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in dairy cattle

Quiroz-Rocha, Gerardo F.; LeBlanc, S.J.; Duffield, T.F.; Jefferson, Barbara; Wood, Darren; Leslie, K.E.; Jacobs, Robert M.

doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2141

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…, Table ) confirm the statement of Quiroz‐Rocha et al. () that these analytes are among the most commonly used energy‐metabolism‐related blood parameters to monitor EB. Greater NEFA concentrations post‐partum of cows overfed in the dry period corresponded to a more negative EB in those animals (Table ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Metabolic parameters and their relationship to energy balance in multiparous Simmental, Brown Swiss and Holstein cows in the periparturient period as influenced by energy supply pre‐ and post‐calving

Urdl

Grüber

Obritzhauser

et al. 2014

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three energy supply (E) levels [low (L), medium (M), high (H)], both pre-partum (PRE) and post-partum (POST), and their interactions on metabolic parameters and energy balance (EB) in dairy cows of three breeds. In both phases, E levels applied to a total of 81 multiparous cows of breeds Simmental (SI), Brown Swiss (BS) and Holstein-Friesian (HF; n = 27 for each breed) were 75%, 100% and 125% of recommendations of the German Society of Nutrition Physiology, using a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. During the pre-calving period, serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were higher for L(PRE) cows, and glucose concentrations were elevated for H(PRE) cows. During the lactation period, NEFA concentrations were greatest for treatment L(POST). Mean concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) were highest for cows of the L(POST) treatment, intermediate for M(POST) and lowest for H(POST). Glucose concentrations were lower for L(POST) cows. SI cows had lower BHB concentrations both pre- and post-calving and higher glucose concentrations during early lactation than the other breeds. BHB concentration POST was highest for BS cows. Restricted feeding PRE resulted in a better energy status of cows fed above energy requirements POST (E(PRE) × E(POST) interaction). HF cows had a higher EB pre-calving, whereas SI cows had a less negative EB during early lactation, compared with the other breeds respectively. Correlations of serum NEFA, BHB and glucose concentrations with EB were strongest during the transition period. Results suggest that controlling energy intake during the dry period might be advantageous for the energy status of dairy cows after calving, whereas energy restriction in early lactation leads to metabolic stress. Evidence is provided of a clear relationship between EB and the blood metabolites NEFA and BHB, especially in the transition period.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Metabolic parameters and their relationship to energy balance in multiparous Simmental, Brown Swiss and Holstein cows in the periparturient period as influenced by energy supply pre‐ and post‐calving

Urdl

Grüber

Obritzhauser

et al. 2014

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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show abstract

“…For example, serum concentrations of glucose and insulin increase about 10% and 25% in cows at 3 h after grain feeding (Jenny and Polan, 1975). Non-esterified fatty acids in serum of cows 1 week before calving were shown to decrease from 0.20 mmol/l at 1 h before feeding to 0.14 mmol/l at 4 h after feeding (Quiroz-Rocha et al, 2010). In pigs, a decrease of free fatty acids in serum was seen within 1 h after feeding (Houpt et al, 1986), and insulin in plasma was found to increase postprandial (Koopmans et al, 2005).…”

Section: Animal-related Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-analytical factors affecting the results of laboratory blood analyses in farm animal veterinary diagnostics

Humann-Ziehank

Ganter

2012

Animal

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The quality of the laboratory diagnostic approach in farm animals can be severely affected by pre-analytical factors of variation. They induce increase/decrease of biochemical and hematological analyte concentrations and, as a consequence, they may cause unsuitable conclusions and decisions for animal health management and research projects. The pre-analytical period covers the preparation of sampling, the sampling procedure itself, as well as all specimen handling until the beginning of the specific laboratory analysis. Pre-analytical factors may have either an animal-related or a technique-related background. Animal-related factors cover daytime/season, meals/fasting, age, gender, altitude, drugs/anesthesia, physical exercise/stress or coinfection. Technique-related factors are the choice of the tube including serum v. plasma, effects of anticoagulants/gel separators, the anticoagulant/blood ratio, the blood collection procedure itself, specimen handling, contamination, labeling, storage and serum/plasma separation, transportation of the specimen, as well as sample preparation before analysis in the laboratory. It is essential to have proper knowledge about the importance and source of pre-analytical factors to alter the entire diagnostic process. Utmost efforts should be made to minimize controllable factors. Analytical results have to be evaluated with care considering that pre-analytical factors of variation are possible causes of misinterpretation.

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“…Furthermore, several authors have reported effects of diurnal patterns (Andersson, 1988;Plaizier et al, 2005) or sampling time relative to feeding (Oetzel, 2004;Nikkhah et al, 2008;Quiroz-Rocha et al, 2010) on blood BHBA concentrations. The diurnal rhythm of BHBA was found to be associated with feeding frequency (Eicher et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of time and sampling location on concentrations of β-hydroxybutyric acid in dairy cows

Mahrt

Burfeind

Heuwieser

2014

Journal of Dairy Science

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Two trials were conducted to examine factors potentially influencing the measurement of blood β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) in dairy cows. The objective of the first trial was to study effects of sampling time on BHBA concentration in continuously fed dairy cows. Furthermore, we determined test characteristics of a single BHBA measurement at a random time of the day to diagnose subclinical ketosis considering commonly used cut-points (1.2 and 1.4 mmol/L). Finally, we set out to evaluate if test characteristics could be enhanced by repeating measurements after different time intervals. During 4 herd visits, a total of 128 cows (8 to 28 d in milk) fed 10 times daily were screened at 0900 h and preselected by BHBA concentration. Blood samples were drawn from the tail vessels and BHBA concentrations were measured using an electronic BHBA meter (Precision Xceed, Abbott Diabetes Care Ltd., Witney, UK). Cows with BHBA concentrations ≥0.8 mmol/L at this time were enrolled in the trial (n=92). Subsequent BHBA measurements took place every 3h for a total of 8 measurements during 24 h. The effect of sampling time on BHBA concentrations was tested in a repeated-measures ANOVA repeating sampling time. Sampling time did not affect BHBA concentrations in continuously fed dairy cows. Defining the average daily BHBA concentration calculated from the 8 measurements as the gold standard, a single measurement at a random time of the day to diagnose subclinical ketosis had a sensitivity of 0.90 or 0.89 at the 2 BHBA cut-points (1.2 and 1.4 mmol/L). Specificity was 0.88 or 0.90 using the same cut-points. Repeating measurements after different time intervals improved test characteristics only slightly. In the second experiment, we compared BHBA concentrations of samples drawn from 3 different blood sampling locations (tail vessels, jugular vein, and mammary vein) of 116 lactating dairy cows. Concentrations of BHBA differed in samples from the 3 sampling locations. Mean BHBA concentration was 0.3 mmol/L lower when measured in the mammary vein compared with the jugular vein and 0.4 mmol/L lower in the mammary vein compared with the tail vessels. We conclude that to measure BHBA, blood samples of continuously fed dairy cows can be drawn at any time of the day. A single measurement provides very good test characteristics for on-farm conditions. Blood samples for BHBA measurement should be drawn from the jugular vein or tail vessels; the mammary vein should not be used for this purpose.

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Short communication: Effect of sampling time relative to the first daily feeding on interpretation of serum fatty acid and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in dairy cattle

Cited by 20 publications

References 25 publications

Metabolic parameters and their relationship to energy balance in multiparous Simmental, Brown Swiss and Holstein cows in the periparturient period as influenced by energy supply pre‐ and post‐calving

Metabolic parameters and their relationship to energy balance in multiparous Simmental, Brown Swiss and Holstein cows in the periparturient period as influenced by energy supply pre‐ and post‐calving

Pre-analytical factors affecting the results of laboratory blood analyses in farm animal veterinary diagnostics

Effects of time and sampling location on concentrations of β-hydroxybutyric acid in dairy cows

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