Significant Increase in Young Adults' Snacking between 1977–1978 and 1994–1996 Represents a Cause for Concern!

Zizza, Claire A.; Siega‐Riz, Anna Maria; Popkin, Barry M.

doi:10.1006/pmed.2000.0817

Cited by 283 publications

(194 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Snacking was quite common among both older and younger persons, with over 92% of subjects snacking on at least one of the recall days, as has been observed by others. 70,71 However, as noted previously, neither meal skipping nor snacking per se, nor energy intake at any one eating occasion, was associated with BMI; rather, total eating frequency was the eating pattern that had the strongest positive association with energy intake and BMI in both age groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults

et al. 2006

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Objective: To compare relative associations of eating patterns and dietary composition with body mass index (BMI) in younger (aged 20-59 years, n ¼ 1792) and older (aged 60-90 years, n ¼ 893) participants in the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, collected 1994Individuals, collected -1996. Methods: Data from two 24-h dietary recalls from individuals reporting physiologically plausible energy intake (within 722% of predicted energy requirements, based on previously published methods) were used. Results: Mean reported energy intake was 96 and 95% of predicted energy requirements in younger and older subjects, respectively. Older subjects were less likely than younger subjects to skip a meal, but snacking was common in both age groups. Fiber density was significantly higher in the older group. A higher BMI in both age groups was associated with a higher total daily energy intake, and higher energy intakes at all eating occasions. In both age groups, eating frequency was positively associated with energy intake, and eating more than three times a day was associated with being overweight or obese. In the younger group but not the older group, a lower fiber density coupled with higher percentage of energy from fat was independently associated with having a higher BMI. Conclusions: While no one eating occasion contributes more than any other to excess adiposity, eating more often than three times a day may play a role in overweight and obesity in both younger and older persons. A reduced satiety response to dietary fiber in addition to lower energy expenditure may potentially further contribute to weight gain in older persons.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults

et al. 2006

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“…Although we could not assess energy intake in each intake occasion, we found that energy intake was higherwith increased snacking frequency, which is consistent with results from large population surveys using other methods. 8,14,15 In a previous study using these assessment methods, we found that obese women had a more frequent intake pattern than women in a normal population and, furthermore, that snacking was positively related to energy intake. 11 This finding is in accordance with the present study, but is inconsistent with other studies that have reported that obese subjects have a lower intake frequency than nonobese.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…14,15 In particular, a more frequent snacking pattern is associated with overconsumption of energy in children and adolescents [15][16][17] and also with higher body weight. 16 A similar pattern is found in male and female adult snackers who had a higher energy intake than never snackers, although BMI did not differ by snacking frequency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different food groups, such as baked goods, sweets and beverages, have been related to snacking in both adolescent and adult normal weight subjects, as well as normal populations. 8,15,[18][19][20] Comparisons of snacking patterns and snack food choices between obese and nonobese subjects are sparse. No differences in snacking pattern were found between Swedish obese and normal weight men, 21 whereas higher snacking frequency was found in obese women compared to a normal population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Snacking frequency in relation to energy intake and food choices in obese men and women compared to a reference population

et al. 2005

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OBJECTIVE:To investigate snacking frequency in relation to energy intake and food choices, taking physical activity into account, in obese vs reference men and women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, descriptive study. SUBJECTS: In total, 4259 obese, middle-aged subjects (1891 men and 2368 women) from the baseline examination of the XENDOS study and 1092 subjects (505 men and 587 women) from the SOS reference study were included. MEASUREMENTS: A meal pattern questionnaire describing habitual intake occasions (main meals, light meals/breakfast, snacks, drink-only), a dietary questionnaire describing habitual energy and macronutrient intake and a questionnaire assessing physical activity at work and during leisure time were used. RESULTS: The obese group consumed snacks more frequently compared to the reference group (Po0.001) and women more frequently than men (Po0.001). Energy intake increased with increasing snacking frequency, irrespective of physical activity. Statistically significant differences in trends were found for cakes/cookies, candies/chocolate and desserts for the relation between energy intake and snacking frequency, where energy intake increased more by snacking frequency in obese subjects than in reference subjects. CONCLUSION: Obese subjects were more frequent snackers than reference subjects and women were more frequent snackers than men. Snacks were positively related to energy intake, irrespective of physical activity. Sweet, fatty food groups were associated with snacking and contributed considerably to energy intake. Snacking needs to be considered in obesity treatment, prevention and general dietary recommendations.

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“…Another worrying sign is that younger subjects tend to snack rather than to consume a more traditional meal. Unfortunately, no data regarding snacks were available in 1987, but in the 1995-1996 and 1998-1999 surveys, younger subjects reported a higher frequency of snacking (Table 4), further increasing the risk of becoming overweight or obese (Zizza et al, 2001). Thus, this data indicate that the average number of meals is decreasing, whereas the number of snacks is increasing, for example, among younger age groups; the health impact of such modifications in dietary behaviours requires further assessment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends of food intake in Portugal, 1987–1999: results from the National Health Surveys

Marques‐Vidal

Ravasco

Dias³

et al. 2006

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To assess trends of food intake in Portugal. Design: Analysis of three cross-sectional studies : 1987, 1995-1996 and 1998-1999. Setting: Representative samples of free-living individuals. Subjects: 64 734 men and 71 282 women. Interventions: Food intake was assessed by questionnaires inquiring the number of meals and which foodstuffs (fish, meat, milk, rice/pasta/potatoes, soup, vegetables and fruit) had been consumed the day before. Results: Age-adjusted average number of meals decreased from 3.370.1 in 1987 to 2.970.1 in 1998-1999 in both genders (Po0.001). In men, the percentage of subjects consuming meat, milk and potatoes/rice/pasta increased from 73, 66 and 91% in 1987 to 83, 74 and 95% in 1998-1999, respectively. The percentage of subjects consuming soup and fish decreased from 70 and 56% in 1987 to 62 and 53% in 1998-1999, respectively. In women, the percentage of subjects consuming meat, milk, potatoes/rice/pasta and vegetable increased from 70, 66, 89 and 71% in 1987 to 78, 77, 93 and 83% in 1998-1999, respectively. The percentage of subjects consuming soup and fish decreased from 70 and 55% in 1987 to 64 and 53% in 1998-1999, respectively. These trends were more pronounced in the younger age, which also displayed a higher frequency of snacking. Multivariate analysis adjusting for age group, region and educational level showed that the consumption of meat, milk and vegetables increased and the consumption of soup, fish and fruit decreased in 1998-1999 relative to 1995-1996. Conclusions: Within a decade, the Portuguese dietary pattern has changed considerably, shifting from a traditional, south European to a more Westernized, protein-rich diet. Sponsorship: The Unidade de Nutrição e Metabolismo of the Instituto de Medicina Molecular is partially funded by a grant from the FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) ref. RUN 437.

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Significant Increase in Young Adults' Snacking between 1977–1978 and 1994–1996 Represents a Cause for Concern!

Cited by 283 publications

References 25 publications

Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults

Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults

Snacking frequency in relation to energy intake and food choices in obese men and women compared to a reference population

Trends of food intake in Portugal, 1987–1999: results from the National Health Surveys

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