“…The calculated PFDavg was more accurate because the effect of common cause failure is taken into account. Jahanian and Mahboob (2016) introduced a risk-based optimization approach to the SIL determination process to reduce the risk to as low as practically possible. de Lira-Flores et al (2019) proposed an MINLP approach for solving the plant layout problem by optimizing the design of safety instrumented systems.…”