Silver isotope variations in chondrites: Volatile depletion and the initial 107Pd abundance of the solar system

Schönbächler, Maria; Carlson, Richard W.; Horan, M. F.; Mock, T. D.; Hauri, E. H.

doi:10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.032

Cited by 85 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Thus, a 45 mL of 1M HNO 3 was used in all subsequent experiments. The present tandem column separation setup allows a batch separation (usually 12 samples at a time) to be finished within two days, an improvement compared to three days required in previous studies [23][24] .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…used in previous studies [21][22][23][24] is both unnecessary and incorrect 20,25 . Thus, a mass bias correction approach based on internal normalization with Pd in combination with standard-sample-standard bracketing used previously for Ag isotope ratio determination in commercial products 20 was adopted here.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Previous studies with use of MC-ICP-MS have reported precisions of Ag isotope ratios in geological samples in a range of 0.13~2‰ [21][22] to 0.05‰ by Schonbachler et al [23][24] . The study of Yang et al also achieved a similar precision of 0.05‰ for Ag fortified consumer products 20 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accurate and Precise Determination of Silver Isotope Fractionation in Environmental Samples by Multicollector-ICPMS

et al. 2010

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High precision silver isotope ratios in environmental s amples were determined by multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). Purification of Ag from sample matrices was performed by a two stage tandem column setup with use of anion and cation exchange resin, sequentially. It was found that a 1 % HNO 3 and 3 % HCl was efficient to stabilize Ag in the final purified sample digests prior to MC-ICP-MS determination. Pd at 2 µg g -1 was added to both sample and Ag standard solution as a common doping matrix as well as an internal s tandard for mass bias correction. Mass discrimination and instrument drift were corrected by a combination of internal normalization with Pd and standard-sample-standard bracketing, without assuming identical mass bias for Pd and Ag. NIST SRM 978a (silver isotopic standard reference material) was used for method validation and subjected to column separation and sample preparation processes. A value of -0.003±0.010 ‰ for  107/109 Ag (mean and 2SD, n=4) was obtained, confirming accurate results can be obtained using the proposed method.To the best of o ur knowledge, this is the first report on  107/109 Ag variations in environmental samples. Significant differences in Ag isotope ratios were found among NIST SRM 978a standard, sediment CRM PACS-2, domestic sludge SRM 2781, industrial sludge 2782 and the fish liver CRM DOLT-4. The sediment CRM PACS-2 has very small negative High precision of better than ±0.015 ‰ (2SD, n=4) obtained in real sample matrices makes the present method well suited for monitoring small Ag isotope fractionation in nature.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Accurate and Precise Determination of Silver Isotope Fractionation in Environmental Samples by Multicollector-ICPMS

et al. 2010

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“…Only a few studies involving silver stable isotopes have been published. The majority of these studies focus on radiogenic 107 Ag (β -decay of 107 Pd with a half-life 6.5 million years) in cosmological materials [260,261], with some studies investigating isotopic fractionation of terrestrial environmental samples [259].…”

Section: Silvermentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of international reference materials for isotope-ratio analysis (IUPAC Technical Report)

Brand

Coplen

Vogl

et al. 2014

Pure and Applied Chemistry

565

436

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Abstract:Since the early 1950s, the number of international measurement standards for anchoring stable isotope delta scales has mushroomed from 3 to more than 30, expanding to more than 25 chemical elements. With the development of new instrumentation, along with new and improved measurement procedures for studying naturally occurring isotopic abundance variations in natural and technical samples, the number of internationally distributed, secondary isotopic reference materials with a specified delta value has blossomed in the last six decades to more than 150 materials. More than half of these isotopic reference materials were produced for isotope-delta measurements of seven elements: H, Li, B, C, N, O, and S. The number of isotopic reference materials for other, heavier elements has grown considerably over the last decade. Nevertheless, even primary international measurement standards for isotope-delta measurements are still needed for some elements, including Mg, Fe, Te, Sb, Mo, and Ge. It is recommended that authors publish the delta values of internationally distributed, secondary isotopic reference materials that were used for anchoring their measurement results to the respective primary stable isotope scale.

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“…Ag isotopes have previously been applied as chronometers for early-stage planetary differentiation 12,13 and as tracers in archaeometry 14,15 , whereas other applications are rare in the literature. Naturally occurring Ag is composed of 107 Ag and 109 Ag with approximately equal natural abundances (51.8% versus 48.2%) and subtle variations in 107 Ag/ 109 Ag ratio were observed in various terrestrial samples 16,17 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Stable silver isotope fractionation in the natural transformation process of silver nanoparticles

et al. 2016

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Nanoparticles in the environment can form by natural processes or be released due to human activities 1 . Owing to limited analytical methods, the behaviour of nanoparticles in the natural environment is poorly understood and until now they have only been described by the variations in the nanoparticle size or the concentration of the element of interest. Here we show that by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to measure silver (Ag) isotope ratios it is possible to understand the transformation processes of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the environment. We found that the formation and dissolution of AgNPs under natural conditions caused significant variations in the ratio of natural Ag isotopes ( 107 Ag and 109 Ag) with an isotopic enrichment factor (ε) up to 0.86‰. Furthermore, we show that engineered AgNPs have distinctly different isotope fractionation effects to their naturally formed counterparts. Further studies will be needed to understand whether isotope analysis can be used to reveal the sources of AgNPs in the environment.AgNPs are the most widely used nanomaterial due to their broad spectrum in antimicrobial activities 2 . An exponential increase in the environmental levels of AgNPs is predicted due to their rising usage and disposal levels 3,4 . As the natural abundance of Ag in the Earth's crust is extremely low (∼0.07 mg kg -1 ; ref. 5), the release of even a small mass of Ag to the environment from anthropogenic activities may lead to proportionally large deviations from natural conditions 6 . AgNPs present in the environment are normally thought to originate from human activities. However, recent studies reveal that AgNPs can also form naturally via the reduction of Ag + in natural waters mediated by dissolved organic matter (DOM) 7,8 and sunlight 9 , which implies that the level of AgNPs in the environment may be underestimated. There is evidence that AgNPs are potentially harmful for organisms and human health 1 and that AgNP loading can significantly influence important ecosystem processes 10,11 . However, little is known about the natural processes and fate of AgNPs due to the lack of proper methods to detect or trace AgNPs in environmental media.Here, we studied the variations in the stable Ag isotope ratio in the natural transformation process of AgNPs. Ag isotopes have previously been applied as chronometers for early-stage planetary differentiation 12,13 and as tracers in archaeometry 14,15 , whereas other applications are rare in the literature. Naturally occurring Ag is composed of 107 Ag and 109 Ag with approximately equal natural abundances (51.8% versus 48.2%) and subtle variations in 107 Ag/ 109 Ag ratio were observed in various terrestrial samples 16,17 . We hypothesized that variations in the natural stable isotope ratio may provide a new means to study the environmental processes of NPs. To test this hypothesis, we studied two reversible processes of AgNPs in natural waters (Fig. 1): the formation of AgNPs via the reduction of Ag + in the presence of DOM and the...

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Silver isotope variations in chondrites: Volatile depletion and the initial 107Pd abundance of the solar system

Cited by 85 publications

References 57 publications

Accurate and Precise Determination of Silver Isotope Fractionation in Environmental Samples by Multicollector-ICPMS

Accurate and Precise Determination of Silver Isotope Fractionation in Environmental Samples by Multicollector-ICPMS

Assessment of international reference materials for isotope-ratio analysis (IUPAC Technical Report)

Stable silver isotope fractionation in the natural transformation process of silver nanoparticles

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