“…Effective, safe, and convenient cancer therapy remains one of the greatest concerns in many medical and clinical fields today ( Chen et al, 2022 ; Murugesan and Raman, 2022 ; Tang et al, 2022 ; Assi et al, 2023 ; Wang et al, 2023d ; Man et al, 2023 ; Meng et al, 2022 ). Numerous active ingredients have been demonstrated for their usefulness through laboratory experiments ( Yang et al, 2024a ; Duan et al, 2024 ; Zhang et al, 2024d ); meanwhile, new types of pharmaceutical excipients (particularly those based on polymers) are being developed continuously ( Lu et al, 2022 ; Shen et al, 2022 ; Ali et al, 2023 ; Yang et al, 2024b ; Zhang et al, 2024e ; Javadi and Mohsenzadeh, 2024 ; Riaz et al, 2024 ), and novel biosourced drug carriers such as exosomes are being considered for DDSs ( Agrawal et al, 2024 ; Guo et al, 2024 ). Combining the advantages of advanced techniques with those of traditional methods to create novel medical materials from these active ingredients and excipients is an evergreen interdisciplinary challenge for researchers.…”