Silymarin is an ally against insulin resistance: A review

MacDonald-Ramos, Karla; Aguirre, Layla Michán; Martínez-Ibarra, Alejandra; Cerbón, Marco

doi:10.1016/j.aohep.2020.08.072

Cited by 48 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…8-10% isosilybin A, but only ca. 3% isosilybin B (namely in the S. marianum chemorace A typically used for silybin production [33]), then the above findings could well contribute to the explanation of silymarin antidiabetic activities and insulin-sensitizing properties [149] on a molecular basis.…”

Section: Antidiabetic and Anticholesterolemic Activitymentioning

confidence: 84%

Chirality Matters: Biological Activity of Optically Pure Silybin and Its Congeners

Křen

2021

IJMS

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This review focuses on the specific biological effects of optically pure silymarin flavo-nolignans, mainly silybins A and B, isosilybins A and B, silychristins A and B, and their 2,3-dehydro derivatives. The chirality of these flavonolignans is also discussed in terms of their analysis, preparative separation and chemical reactions. We demonstrated the specific activities of the respective diastereomers of flavonolignans and also the enantiomers of their 2,3-dehydro derivatives in the 3D anisotropic systems typically represented by biological systems. In vivo, silymarin flavonolignans do not act as redox antioxidants, but they play a role as specific ligands of biological targets, according to the “lock-and-key” concept. Estrogenic, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiviral, and antiparasitic effects have been demonstrated in optically pure flavonolignans. Potential application of pure flavonolignans has also been shown in cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes and modulation of multidrug resistance activity by these compounds are discussed in detail. The future of “silymarin applications” lies in the use of optically pure components that can be applied directly or used as valuable lead structures, and in the exploration of their true molecular effects.

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Section: Antidiabetic and Anticholesterolemic Activitymentioning

confidence: 84%

Chirality Matters: Biological Activity of Optically Pure Silybin and Its Congeners

Křen

2021

IJMS

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“…Silymarin is a well-known hepatoprotective medication that has been proven in numerous in vitro and in vivo animal models to exhibit antioxidant [ 12 ], anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory [ 13 ], and antifibrotic activities [ 14 ]. Several animal model studies have recently suggested that Silymarin may have potential anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering characteristics [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Design and Optimization of Nano-Transfersomal Gel to Enhance the Hypoglycemic Activity of Silymarin

et al. 2022

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Current advancements in the research investigations focused at using natural products to generate novel dosage forms with a potential therapeutic impact. Silymarin is a natural product obtained from the herb Silybum marianum that has been shown to have remarkable hypoglycemic activity. Owing to the low enteral absorption, instability in stomach secretion, and poor solubility of Silymarin, it was better to be produced as a topical dosage form. A three-factor, three-level Box Behnken (33 BB) design was constructed to develop 15 formulations using three independent variables (phospholipid concentration, surfactant concentration, and sonication time) and two dependent variables (encapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release). The optimized formula was added to HPMC gel and the resulting transfersomal gel was investigated for its characteristics, in vitro, ex vivo and hypoglycemic behaviors. The pH of the Silymarin-loaded transfersomal gel was 7.05, the spreadability was 55.35 mm, and the viscosity was 6.27 Pa. Furthermore, Silymarin loaded transfersomal gel had the greatest transdermal flux (92.41 µg/cm2·h), which was much greater than all other formulations. In vivo observations revealed that Silymarin loaded transfersomal gel significantly reduced blood glucose levels, compared to either Silymarin gel or oral Silymarin suspension. The findings show that the developed transfersomal gel could be an effective carrier for Silymarin transdermal delivery.

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“…Other reviewed study show that silibin nanoparticles have hypoglycemic activity in STZ-induced diabetic mice (Das et al, 2014). It was also reported that glucose level decreases in hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats, which treated by micronized form of silybin (MacDonald et al, 2021). Liver differentiation, development, metabolism and regeneration controlled by regulatory transcription factors which form a gene regulatory network (GRN).…”

Section: Effect Of Silymarin On Histopathological Changes Of Livermentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Silymarin on Blood Glucose Concentration, Hepatic Histopathological Changes and FOXA2 and FOXA3 Gene Expression in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Wistar Rats

nikkhah

Hafshejan

Hajivar

et al. 2021

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Since the liver is among the primary organs susceptible to the effects of hyperglycaemia, diabetes mellitus (DM) could be a risk factor for the development and progression of liver damage. In present study, since no side-effects from the herbal medicine have been reported, the effect of silymarin on blood glucose concentration, hepatic histopathological changes and FOXA2 and FOXA3 gene expression, which are key genes in liver regeneration, was investigated. In this fundamental with experimental approach study, 40 male Wistar rats weighing 180-220 g were used. Rats were kept under the standard conditions of temperature of 20-22°C and humidity of 50% and consecutive 12-hour periods of light and darkness. Rats were randomly divided into five different groups (n=8 each), including healthy control rats, diabetic control rats, diabetic rats receiving silymarin (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced by injecting streptozotocin (50 mg/kg B.W., i.p.). For 4 weeks silymarin groups received the drug once every three days through gavage and fasting blood glucose concentration measured once every 10 days. At the end of a month experiment, livers were harvested for hepatic histopathological and FOXA2 and FOXA3 gene expression changes analysis. In the diabetic rats treated with silymarin (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg), by comparison with the diabetic control group (p<0.05), glucose levels decreased significantly. Moreover, FOXA2 and FOXA3 expression in diabetic groups treated with silymarin significantly increased compared to diabetic control group (p<0.05). Hepatic histopathological changes were improved in the treated groups.The present study indicates that silymarin significantly decreased blood glucose concentration and increased the FOXA2 and FOXA3 gene products level. Hence, silymarin is able to improve some of the symptoms associated with diabetes and possesses hepatoprotective effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

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Silymarin is an ally against insulin resistance: A review

Cited by 48 publications

References 73 publications

Chirality Matters: Biological Activity of Optically Pure Silybin and Its Congeners

Chirality Matters: Biological Activity of Optically Pure Silybin and Its Congeners

Experimental Design and Optimization of Nano-Transfersomal Gel to Enhance the Hypoglycemic Activity of Silymarin

Effects of Silymarin on Blood Glucose Concentration, Hepatic Histopathological Changes and FOXA2 and FOXA3 Gene Expression in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Wistar Rats

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