Similar Fine Structural Localization of Immunoreactive Glutamate in the Frog Pineal Complex and Retina.

Vígh, B.; Vigh-Teichmann, I.; Debreceni, K.; Takács, J.

doi:10.1679/aohc.58.37

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In this con-text it is of interest that ChAT-ir cells have been observed in the pineal anlage of the mouse (Schambra et al 1989) and that pinealocytes (a photoreceptor-derived cell line) in the rat contain ChAT and produce acetylcholine (Wessler et al 1997). It is also interesting to note that glutamate immunoreactivity was recently found in frog and lamprey pineal photoreceptors and in mammalian pinealocytes (Vigh et al 1995;Debreceni et al 1997a,b). The roles played by glutamate and acetylcholine in the pineal of lampreys need further study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Cholinergic and GABAergic neuronal elements in the pineal organ of lampreys, and tract-tracing observations of differential connections of pinealofugal neurons

Pombal

Yáñez

Marı́n

et al. 1999

Cell and Tissue Research

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The putative cholinergic and GABAergic elements of the pineal organ of lampreys were investigated with immunocytochemistry to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry. For comparison we also carried out immunocytochemistry to serotonin (5-HT) and a tract-tracing investigation of the two types of projecting cells, i. e., ganglion cells and long-axon photoreceptors. Most photoreceptors were ChAT-immunoreactive (ChAT-ir) and AChE-positive, while ganglion cells and the pineal tract were ChAT-negative and AChE-negative or only faintly positive. These results strongly suggest the presence of a cholinergic system of photoreceptors in the lamprey pineal organ. GABA-ir fibers that appear to originate from faintly to moderately stained ganglion cells were observed in the pineal stalk. Immunocytochemistry to 5-HT indicated the presence of two types of 5-HT-ir cells, bipolar cells and ganglion-like cells. The connections of the ganglion cells and long-axon photoreceptors were also studied by application of DiI to the pineal stalk in fixed brains or of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) to one of the main targets of pinealofugal fibers (optic tectum or mesencephalic tegmentum) in isolated brains in vitro. Some long-axon photoreceptors and ganglion cells were labeled from the optic tectum. However, BDA application to the tegmentum exclusively labeled ganglion cells in the pineal organ. These results indicate that the two morphological types of afferent pineal neuron have different projections. No labeled cells were observed in the parapineal organ in BDA experiments, indicating that this organ and the pineal organ are involved in different neural circuits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Cholinergic and GABAergic neuronal elements in the pineal organ of lampreys, and tract-tracing observations of differential connections of pinealofugal neurons

Pombal

Yáñez

Marı́n

et al. 1999

Cell and Tissue Research

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“…As the pathway between the pineal and the swimming CPG appears to be excitatory, the main candidate transmitters were glutamate and acetylcholine (ACh) which have previously been shown in the pineal by immunohistochemistry [Ekström and Korf, 1986;Vigh et al, 1995]. Tadpoles were pinealectomized to remove photoreceptors and ganglion cells, and the midbrain/hindbrain junction was severed to remove ascending activity.…”

Section: Pharmacology Of Pineal To Midbrain Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As far as we are aware, this is the first direct analysis of pineal ganglion cell synaptic transmission based on electrophysiological recordings and pharmacology in anamniotes. Previous analysis of putative ganglion cell transmitters had been based on immunohistochemistry for ACh and glutamate [Ekström and Korf, 1986;Vigh et al, 1995]. …”

Section: Pineal Ganglion Cell Transmittersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Possible Pathway Connecting the Photosensitive Pineal Eye to the Swimming Central Pattern Generator in Young Xenopus laevis Tadpoles

Jamieson¹,

Roberts²

1999

Brain Behav Evol

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The pineal eye of young Xenopus laevis tadpoles mediates a swimming response to dimming. Our aim was to define pathways that allow pineal photoreceptors to influence the swimming central pattern generator (CPG) in the hindbrain and spinal cord. Retrograde filling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and carboxyfluorescein showed that: (1) pineal ganglion cells do not project to the hindbrain, and (2) diencephalic/mesencephalic descending (D/MD) neurons, which could be contacted by pineal ganglion cell axons, do project to the hindbrain. Lesion experiments demonstrated that ganglion cell axons form ipsilateral and contralateral connections, either of which is sufficient to mediate a swimming response. Latency measurements suggest that the contralateral pathway is stronger than the ipsilateral one. Multiple unit recordings from the midbrain in the region of the D/MD neurons showed short latency activity in response to dimming or a brief current pulse to pineal axons. This activity could last for many seconds after the stimulus. Pharmacological experiments showed that it depended on synaptic excitation and suggested that the ganglion cell transmitter is glutamate. If pineal ganglion cells excite midbrain D/MD neurons on both sides of the brain, the D/MD neuron projections to the hindbrain could excite the swimming CPG and initiate swimming.

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“…The narrowing tip of these enlargements, filled by mitochondria, penetrate the space between the external limiting membrane and the pigment epithelium and terminate there with a small ciliated ending (Hendrickson, 1966;Vigh et al, , 1995b. The space below the retinal pigment epithelium is a narrowed form of the embryonic optic ventricle; therefore, in a general sense, we can regard the Landolt bipolar cells as the first type of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neuron to be described.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actual problems of the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons

Vígh

Vigh-Teichmann

1998

Microsc. Res. Tech.

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133

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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)‐contacting neurons form a part of the circumventricular organs of the central nervous system. Represented by different cytologic types and located in different regions, they constitute a CSF‐contacting neuronal system, the most central periventricular ring of neurons in the brain organized concentrically according to our concept. Because the central nervous system of deuterostomian echinoderm starfishes and the prochordate lancelet is composed mainly of CSF‐contacting‐like neurons, we hypothesize that this cell type represents ancient cells, or protoneurons, in the vertebrate brain. Neurons may contact the ventricular CSF via their dendrites, axons, or perikarya. Most of the CSF‐contacting nerve cells send their dendritic processes into the ventricular cavity, where they form ciliated terminals. These ciliated endings resemble those of known sensory cells. By means of axons, the CSF‐contacting neurons also may contact the external CSF space, where the axons form terminals of neurohormonal type similar to those known in the neurohemal areas. The most simple CSF‐contacting neurons of vertebrates are present in the terminal filum, spinal cord, and oblongate medulla. The dendritic pole of these medullospinal CSF‐contacting neurons terminates with an enlargement bearing many stereocilia in the central canal. These cells are also supplied with a 9 × 2 + 2 kinocilium that may contact Reissner's fiber, the condensed secretory material of the subcommissural organ. The Reissner's fiber floating freely in the CSF leaves the central canal at the caudal open end of the terminal filum in lower vertebrates, and open communication is thus established between internal CSF and the surrounding tissue spaces. Resembling mechanoreceptors cytologically, the spinal CSF‐contacting neurons send their axons to the outer surface of the spinal cord to form neurosecretory‐type terminals. They also send collaterals to local neurons and to higher spinal segments. In the hypothalamic part of the diencephalon, neurons of two circumventricular organs, the paraventricular organ and the vascular sac, of the magnocellular neurosecretory nuclei and several parvocellular nuclei, form CSF‐contacting dendritic terminals. A CSF‐contacting neuronal area also was found in the telencephalon. The CSF‐contacting dendrites of all these areas bear solitary 9 × 2 + 0 cilia and resemble chemoreceptors and developing photoreceptors cytologically. In electrophysiological experiments, the neurons of the paraventricular organ are highly sensitive to the composition of the ventricular CSF. The axons of the CSF‐contacting neurons of the paraventricular organ and hypothalamic nuclei terminate in hypothalamic synaptic zones, and those of magno‐ and parvocellular neurosecretory nuclei also form neurohormonal terminals in the median eminence and neurohypophysis. The axons of the CSF‐contacting neurons of the vascular sac run in the nervus and tractus sacci vasculosi to the nucleus (ganglion) sacci vasculosi. Some hypothalamic CSF‐contacti...

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Similar Fine Structural Localization of Immunoreactive Glutamate in the Frog Pineal Complex and Retina.

Cited by 12 publications

References 32 publications

Cholinergic and GABAergic neuronal elements in the pineal organ of lampreys, and tract-tracing observations of differential connections of pinealofugal neurons

Cholinergic and GABAergic neuronal elements in the pineal organ of lampreys, and tract-tracing observations of differential connections of pinealofugal neurons

A Possible Pathway Connecting the Photosensitive Pineal Eye to the Swimming Central Pattern Generator in Young Xenopus laevis Tadpoles

Actual problems of the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons

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